This collection, digitized here in its entirety, consists of 48 stereographs depicting various stages in the industrial manufacture of glass, steel, iron, and salt, published by Underwood & Underwood after 1895. The stereographs are numbered and grouped by subject, reflecting how they would have been marketed and sold by the company as sets intended for educational use. This collection comes from the Department of Chemistry at Oberlin College, where the stereographs are thought to have been purchased and used for teaching purposes.
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Overlooking the extensive salt fields of Solinen, Russia (20,000 tons of Salt)
- After 1895
View overlooking the extensive salt fields in Solinen, Russia, located along the Black Sea, containing approximately 20,000 tons of salt. This photograph is one of a set of six stereographs detailing the mining and…
- Publisher Underwood & Underwood
- Subject Manufacturing industries, Salt industry and trade, Salt mines and mining
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A reservoir after evaporation – turning up the salt – salt fields, Solinen, Russia
- After 1895
View of a reservoir among the extensive salt fields in Solinen, Russia, located along the Black Sea, following evaporation. Women are seen breaking up the crust of salt formed by evaporation, while masses of salt…
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Rotary dryer for drying salt, Hutchinson, Kansas
- After 1895
View of a worker examining a rotary dryer for drying salt at an unknown facility in Hutchinson, Kansas. This photograph is one of a set of six stereographs detailing the mining and production of salt.
- Publisher Underwood & Underwood
- Subject Employees, Manufacturing industries, Salt industry and trade, Salt mines and mining
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Salt vats where water is evaporated by solar heat, Syracuse, New York
- After 1895
View of salt vats where water is evaporated by means of solar heat at an unknown facility in Syracuse, New York. This photograph is one of a set of six stereographs detailing the mining and production of salt.
- Publisher Underwood & Underwood
- Subject Employees, Manufacturing industries, Salt industry and trade, Salt mines and mining
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Powder man charging holes with dynamite sticks for blasting in rock salt mine, Kansas
- After 1895
View of a worker inserting sticks of dynamite into blasting holes at a rock salt mine in Kansas. This photograph is one of a set of six stereographs detailing the mining and production of salt.
- Publisher Underwood & Underwood
- Subject Employees, Manufacturing industries, Salt industry and trade, Salt mines and mining
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Drillers at work with compressed air drill, salt mine, Kansas
- After 1895
View of two workers operating a compressed air drill in a Kansas salt mine. This photograph is one of a set of six stereographs detailing the mining and production of salt.
- Publisher Underwood & Underwood
- Subject Employees, Manufacturing industries, Salt industry and trade, Salt mines and mining
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Drilling bolt holes in finished steel rails
- After 1895
View of a worker drilling bolt holes into finished steel rails at an unknown manufacturing plant. This photograph is one of a set of seven stereographs detailing the production of steel.
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Removing steel plate from great cutting machine (front view)
- After 1895
View of several workers removing a steel plate from a cutting machine at an unknown manufacturing plant. This photograph is one of a set of seven stereographs detailing the production of steel.
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Final rolling mill action forming finished steel rails
- After 1895
View of a worker using a rolling mill to produce steel rails at an unknown manufacturing plant. During the production of steel, mills are used to shape the steel into various forms, such as plates or rails. This…
- Publisher Underwood & Underwood
- Subject Iron industry and trade, Steel industry and trade, Manufacturing industries
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Rolling slab into thin plate in Homestead Mill, 4th stage in plate making
- After 1895
View of a rolling mill at the Homestead Steel Mill in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania rolling a slab of steel into a thin plate. This photograph is one of a set of seven stereographs detailing the production of steel.
- Publisher Underwood & Underwood
- Subject Iron industry and trade, Steel industry and trade, Manufacturing industries
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Billet "blooms" for rails being further compressed and lengthened in rolling mill
- After 1895
View of two workers using a rolling mill to compress and lengthen billet blooms, a semi-finished steel product often transformed into finished products like rails or wire rods, at an unknown manufacturing plant. This…
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Electric machine drawing white hot billet from re-heating furnace
- After 1895
View of a worker using an electric machine to draw billet, a semi-finished steel product often transformed into finished products like wire rod, from a re-heating furnace at an unknown manufacturing plant. This…
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Steel ingot entering first rolling mill to be rolled into plates or rails
- After 1895
View of a worker inserting a steel ingot, a piece of relatively pure material cast into a shape suitable for further processing, into a rolling mill at an unknown manufacturing plant. During the production of steel,…
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100-ton capacity ladle of liquid steel from open hearth furnace pouring into ladle
- After 1895
View of a 100-ton capacity ladle of liquid steel removed from an open hearth furnace at an unknown manufacturing plant. Open hearth furnaces are used to burn excess carbon and other impurities out of pig iron, an…
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Moulds being taken off steel ingots as they have solidified
- After 1895
View of molds being removed from steel ingots after they have solidified at an unknown manufacturing plant. During the production of metals, such as iron and steel, molds are typically used to form ingots, pieces of…
- Publisher Underwood & Underwood
- Subject Iron industry and trade, Steel industry and trade, Manufacturing industries
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Tapping open hearth furnaces and carbonizing molten metal with charcoal or coke
- After 1895
View of two workers tapping open hearth furnaces and carbonizing molten metal at an unknown manufacturing plant. Open hearth furnaces are used to burn excess carbon and other impurities out of pig iron, an intermediate…
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Pouring molten iron from blast furnace ladle into massive pig iron purifier
- After 1895
View of molten iron being poured from a blast furnace ladle into an apparatus for the purification of pig iron, intermediate product of smelting iron ore, at an unknown manufacturing plant. Blast furnaces are used to…
- Publisher Underwood & Underwood
- Subject Iron industry and trade, Steel industry and trade, Manufacturing industries
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Down the line of furnaces in open hearth mill, charging a furnace with molten iron
- After 1895
View of a line of furnaces in an open hearth mill at an unknown manufacturing plant. During the conversion of iron into steel, raw materials such as molten iron are "charged" or deposited into the interior of a furnace,…
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Stripping moulds from ingots in Bessemer mill
- After 1895
View of pig iron ingots being stripped from their molds in a Bessemer mill at an unknown manufacturing plant. The Bessemer mill takes its name from the "Bessemer process," an inexpensive industrial method for the…
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Bessemer converter in action blowing iron into steel
- After 1895
View of a Bessemer converter blowing iron into steel at an unknown manufacturing plant. The Bessemer converter takes its name from the "Bessemer process," an inexpensive industrial method for the mass-production of…
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Pig iron mixer which acts as collector, and distributer pouring into ladle
- After 1895
View of a mixer used to collect and distribute pig iron, an intermediate product of smelting iron ore produced from a blast furnace, at an unknown manufacturing plant. This photograph is one of a set of fourteen…
- Publisher Underwood & Underwood
- Subject Iron industry and trade, Steel industry and trade, Manufacturing industries
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Making a bottom for a Bessemer converter, showing gas blast tubes
- After 1895
View of several workers forming the bottom of a Bessemer converter at an unknown manufacturing plant. The Bessemer converter takes its name from the "Bessemer process," an inexpensive industrial method for the…
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Apparatus for blowing coat of lime on moving pig moulds after use
- After 1895
View of an apparatus for applying a coat of lime onto molds filled with pig iron, an intermediate product of smelting iron ore produced from a blast furnace, at an unknown manufacturing plant. When processing iron ore…
- Publisher Underwood & Underwood
- Subject Iron industry and trade, Steel industry and trade, Manufacturing industries
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Cooling the "pigs" in the sand moulds
- After 1895
View of a worker cooling pig iron, an intermediate product of smelting iron ore produced from a blast furnace, at an unknown manufacturing plant. At this stage of production, the pig iron has been placed in sand molds…
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Making the sand moulds for pig iron
- After 1895
View of two workers constructing sand molds for pig iron, an intermediate product of smelting iron ore produced from a blast furnace, at an unknown manufacturing plant. Used to form pig iron ingots, such molds are…
