00:00:01 Does everyone know that there is an exhibit room?

00:00:03 We put a sign outside last night.

00:00:07 The exhibit room is the Maryland room.

00:00:09 Maryland room off to your right, top of the stairs, that's the exhibit room.

00:00:13 And the bookstore is in the New Jersey room.

00:00:16 The New Jersey room is way down that way.

00:00:18 Almost at the far end.

00:00:21 Yeah, upstairs.

00:00:23 Both exhibit and bookstores are upstairs.

00:00:30 I'll talk to you later.

00:00:52 Great.

00:00:53 Hey, the slides look good.

00:00:58 Go for a little bit bigger.

00:01:05 Would it help if the lights are turned down a little bit, too?

00:01:08 Okay.

00:01:09 Now, you can check with Al.

00:01:10 He's our cameraman right back there.

00:01:13 Because certainly he can make that happen for you.

00:01:17 If you want to do it now, it would probably be a good idea.

00:01:19 I'll just reach out and ground down.

00:01:22 Okay.

00:01:23 Yeah, he's trying to hook up the PA.

00:01:26 Al, do you want the lights turned down as well?

00:01:29 Lights are okay for this?

00:01:31 Okay.

00:01:32 All righty.

00:01:36 Should I be using this mic?

00:01:37 Yeah.

00:01:38 Oh, good.

00:01:39 Okay, we got something.

00:01:40 Yay, great.

00:01:41 Good morning, everybody.

00:01:43 Is everyone awake and ready?

00:01:45 Yay.

00:01:47 We're now electrified.

00:01:49 We now have some energy.

00:01:52 First of all, I wanted to acknowledge, welcome everybody here.

00:01:55 Thank you for all the sacrifices you've made to come here on a weekday.

00:01:58 And I want to acknowledge our sponsors who have made it possible for us to have this event.

00:02:03 First of all, Infinite Energy Magazine and Dr. Gene Maloff.

00:02:06 We owe a debt of gratitude to him, without whom we could not have had this event.

00:02:11 And also Coherent Communications and the Alternate Energy Institute.

00:02:18 This looks like it's working so well.

00:02:20 I'm going to try the stand-up here.

00:02:24 And with that brief acknowledgment of our sponsorship.

00:02:28 Whoops.

00:02:30 Oh, you did it?

00:02:31 Okay.

00:02:32 Great.

00:02:33 It looks like I can leave that there and maybe you can hear me.

00:02:35 Everyone can hear us?

00:02:36 Good.

00:02:37 Yay.

00:02:40 I'll give a brief introduction and then go right into the first speaker.

00:02:44 So we'll be pretty much on time.

00:02:46 And basically what we have is a format that is 45 minutes of lecture, five minutes of question and answer.

00:02:53 We're going to cut it off exactly as the schedule is and try to start the next speaker ten minutes later.

00:02:59 I wanted to give an overview of future energy equaling free energy.

00:03:05 A book called Energy in Überfluss is the name of a German book that describes our free energy movement.

00:03:12 It was written about ten years ago, published in Germany.

00:03:16 There's also about a half a dozen review copies of various free energy texts,

00:03:22 including the 1989 proceedings of the Swiss Association for Free Energy.

00:03:28 This is a worldwide movement.

00:03:29 It's happening in many countries throughout the world.

00:03:32 And the United States has actually never had a free energy conference.

00:03:37 I tried.

00:03:38 The history of the COFI conference is out there if you want to see the itinerary of how we struggled with it.

00:03:44 But future energy is now our calling card.

00:03:47 And basically this movement summarizes, the book that I'm referring to summarizes,

00:03:52 what now amounts to a hundred-year effort by various people, including Nikola Tesla.

00:03:58 And his effort and others were to deliver free energy to the world.

00:04:03 How many people have heard of the Wardenclyffe Tower?

00:04:06 Wardenclyffe Tower, Long Island?

00:04:08 Great, we've got a good crowd.

00:04:09 It's over half.

00:04:11 The legacy and the politics of this project that Wardenclyffe Tower refers to,

00:04:16 between J.P. Morgan and Nikola Tesla, epitomizes the energy problems of the 20th century.

00:04:22 If you want, we will have the ongoing videos in the book room, including the Tesla video,

00:04:29 which is a short one produced by the Tesla Memorial Society.

00:04:33 And there you can see the actual history that Tesla went through,

00:04:38 fighting with J.P. Morgan, J.P. basically saying,

00:04:42 well, I can't put a meter on it, I'm not going to fund it,

00:04:44 and therefore we basically took a left turn into the entire electrical grid.

00:04:51 So you can see the details in that video.

00:04:54 There are several others that are important also we'll be screening.

00:04:57 Suffice it to say, we have lived under a hundred years of energy oppression,

00:05:01 requiring dire payment from each and every one of us,

00:05:03 except for the minority who found ways to disconnect from the utility grid.

00:05:08 Let me boldly assert that our state of energy mismanagement,

00:05:11 which is now as we speak overheating our planet,

00:05:15 is due to consciousness and not due to any lack of scientific research.

00:05:20 Where there is a need and a desire for a solution,

00:05:23 the means has always materialized.

00:05:26 So it is with free energy.

00:05:28 Imagine for a moment, just close your eyes and imagine,

00:05:32 it might be difficult, but try to imagine for a moment,

00:05:35 a world with abundant energy that you can use.

00:05:38 Everyone has access to as much energy as they need.

00:05:42 Small, compact energy transducers are available so cheaply

00:05:48 that the ideal of free energy, which is energy without cost,

00:05:52 is practically a reality.

00:05:55 Imagine what you could do, what you could dream of,

00:05:58 and put into motion if energy was free.

00:06:02 Just imagine this state of being, for I believe it is our future.

00:06:07 It has to be.

00:06:09 We might even be able to leave the planet.

00:06:12 We cannot survive as a species, though, if we do not liberate energy

00:06:16 from the confines of partisanship, parceling, and profiteering.

00:06:22 How many of you would like to have free energy?

00:06:26 We've got a few.

00:06:28 How many of you really want free energy?

00:06:31 Say it, we want free energy.

00:06:33 We want free energy.

00:06:35 We want free energy.

00:06:37 Okay, put a little passion into it, maybe it will happen.

00:06:41 I feel this is an important exercise in willpower,

00:06:44 because there are so many in our society who do not want free energy

00:06:48 to get to the market.

00:06:50 They actually seem to be actively opposing the efforts

00:06:54 of the noble and brilliant scientists we have gathered here today.

00:06:58 Even our government is behaving as if free energy is some type of threat.

00:07:03 This type of behavior shows that a concern for the greater good

00:07:06 that can be accomplished for our planet and its people

00:07:09 by the free energy movement is apparently not foremost to the vested interests.

00:07:15 Furthermore, you will learn today that it is very likely

00:07:18 that free energy devices are already possessed by certain sectors,

00:07:22 and are not on the market because of the alleged economic impact.

00:07:27 That's exactly what Morgan Freeman told Keno Reeves in the movie Chain Reaction.

00:07:32 Chain Reaction is one of the videos they'll be showing continually in the bookstore.

00:07:36 And his confrontation with Keno Reeves is very important,

00:07:39 because he describes the economic impact as if it's a problem.

00:07:44 So this was the first movie actually to mention free energy,

00:07:47 and I was very pleased to see it on the big screen and the politics of free energy.

00:07:53 But I want to impress upon you, and each and every one of you,

00:07:56 one message and one message only.

00:07:59 We have a social and political problem here, not a scientific one.

00:08:04 After participation in 20 years of free energy conferences,

00:08:09 I can tell you that free energy is already here at COFI.

00:08:13 Ask each of these scientists for their deliverables,

00:08:16 demand a marketable product,

00:08:18 tell your congressman to get a disclosure of covert projects.

00:08:22 The big question is whether you decide to continue to pollute your Mother Earth's atmosphere

00:08:27 with combustion exhaust,

00:08:29 or you decide to change and put your support and encouragement behind these amazing scientists

00:08:35 to realize the day when energy will be free for everyone.

00:08:39 I pray that God will bless our efforts to bring this plan forth into manifestation.

00:08:45 And I'd like to finish with the fact that it's time to wake up and smell the COFI.

00:08:53 Upstairs.

00:08:58 Upstairs in the bookstore, lots of colors too.

00:09:07 So our first speaker tonight, this morning,

00:09:10 is an inventor in the field of vacuum microelectronics,

00:09:14 charge clusters, micro-engines,

00:09:18 micro-aero-vehicles,

00:09:21 and micro-fabrication technology.

00:09:24 He has over a hundred patents,

00:09:26 including six on the latest charge cluster technology,

00:09:30 and it's my great pleasure to introduce Ken Shoulders.

00:09:34 Thank you.

00:09:40 Just leave it there, and then I'll work with this.

00:09:43 We're in for some mega-problems in speech here, I think.

00:09:47 Micro is over.

00:09:50 Let me put this in so I can get that.

00:09:57 Is that it?

00:10:00 We're going to have to run back and forth.

00:10:08 As you've been looking at the slide for some time...

00:10:24 I think I'm wired.

00:10:29 And Ken just wants this for the rest of the people in the audience.

00:10:32 We're going to have to do some switching.

00:10:34 How much wire you got?

00:10:37 You can go around the podium the other way.

00:10:47 Are we started?

00:10:51 As he said, charge clusters in action is what I work on.

00:10:56 When I thought I was going to have to discuss that with other people,

00:10:59 I couldn't help but think that it's going to sound a little funny,

00:11:02 like maybe the old days when McCarney gets up and starts talking about,

00:11:06 charge clusters in action, see them here, you know.

00:11:09 That's what's stuck,

00:11:11 because that's basically where we stand in this business.

00:11:14 A little bit on the Carney side, a little bit unbelievable.

00:11:18 This whole room understands that to their bottom line.

00:11:24 Ken, that's me, the father,

00:11:27 and Steve, my son and I, we work together.

00:11:30 We're the father and the son, and we have a holy ghost.

00:11:33 He pays the bill.

00:11:35 By name, that would be Tom Shanks.

00:11:39 Believe me, these authors are everlastingly indebted to Tom

00:11:43 for his total support.

00:11:45 Everything we do, we just feel happy that Tom's associated with us

00:11:49 and that we can do it with Tom.

00:11:52 We have a private laboratory we work in,

00:11:55 and I say we don't work in the garage, I want you to know that.

00:11:58 We work next to the garage.

00:12:02 We have a nice laboratory there,

00:12:04 and one of the neighbors came in and said,

00:12:06 what a nice laboratory we have, L-A-V-A-T-O-R-Y.

00:12:10 And I took another look at it and noted,

00:12:13 yeah, there's a lot of crap here that ought to be cleaned up.

00:12:16 Maybe he's right, he's got me pegged.

00:12:19 We do micro-engines, micro-aircraft,

00:12:23 and what I'd call fancy designs in physics,

00:12:27 with a little play on words there.

00:12:30 Fantasiful, perhaps, most people would say,

00:12:33 because what we do isn't a marketable item, therefore it can't be real.

00:12:37 So our main reason for being here today

00:12:40 is to help put some reality into some of the fantasies that we work on.

00:12:46 This reality is going to be done by you.

00:12:49 I'm here to proselytize you guys.

00:12:51 I want somebody to work on this now,

00:12:53 whereas we've been holding it very tightly up to now.

00:12:57 We have found a few things we can cut out

00:12:59 that are, in a proprietary sense, not harmful to us,

00:13:03 and things that are easy to do,

00:13:05 easy to such an extreme degree that I'd say for $60.

00:13:09 You can do everything I'll be talking about today,

00:13:12 and everything I'll be talking about is extremely unusual stuff,

00:13:16 which puts us totally in the realm of fantasy

00:13:18 as far as straight physics goes.

00:13:21 But it's doable.

00:13:23 And the key to all of this is that anything new,

00:13:28 you can't ask someone else whether it's true or not.

00:13:31 There's just no answer available if it's truly new.

00:13:35 What you have to do is answer the question for yourself.

00:13:38 So I've arranged this series of little simple experiments

00:13:42 to be so simple that if you ask me what to do,

00:13:47 I'm simply going to tell you, go do it yourself.

00:13:50 You can, if you're interested and capable.

00:13:53 It's going to show things that are outrageous,

00:13:57 and you'll say, I can't do that.

00:13:59 Well, then I say move over in the other realm of people

00:14:02 that say that all the time.

00:14:03 You'd feel much more comfortable.

00:14:05 Now we have a few little things with us.

00:14:07 I have some EV books.

00:14:09 That's sort of a background description of charge clusters

00:14:13 at a certain level of time and technique.

00:14:17 It's old, but it's still a good background thing.

00:14:20 If you insist on seeing some of the pictures that will be shown here

00:14:24 and that we attempted to print and publish,

00:14:28 you may want to get the CD-ROM that I've brought with me.

00:14:33 So we can sell a few of those,

00:14:35 and you can put them on your own computer and mess with things

00:14:37 and shove them around and magnify the pictures and look at it.

00:14:41 Now, in every new field, there seems to be a lot of new words,

00:14:46 and this is really a new field.

00:14:49 But I'm going to try to minimize the number of new words

00:14:53 and simply take some old words and bend them

00:14:55 so that they straddle across the two fields, the old and the new.

00:14:59 It makes them a little bit easier to understand and comprehend.

00:15:02 To do that, I'm going to need a glossary of terms.

00:15:08 Pull them down a little, throw them in a corner.

00:15:12 A cluster, that's a group of about 100 billion electrons that stick together,

00:15:16 and of course, everyone tells you you can't do that.

00:15:19 You make up your own mind as we go along

00:15:21 to see if there isn't something special about the way we deal with clusters

00:15:25 that makes something happen that requires them to stick together.

00:15:28 So a natural proof of sort falls out of seeing that happen here.

00:15:33 An EV is a new word that I had to tag on things

00:15:36 because we use it 100 times a day.

00:15:38 It's a Latin acronym meaning strong electrons.

00:15:42 That's what we call that cluster.

00:15:44 Now, SPARC has been known for 1,000 years, of course,

00:15:49 and been able to be investigated scientifically for at least 200 or since Faraday.

00:15:53 It's nothing but an EV in drag,

00:15:56 which to me means it's dragging a lot of pretty ions along,

00:15:59 just very fancy, it goes its way doing its thing.

00:16:02 But it's nothing but a charged cluster in there

00:16:04 with a few other probe electrons out ahead of it.

00:16:07 Every SPARC ever made has always been thus.

00:16:11 An EV is not really new, it's really very old.

00:16:15 You'll see evidence today of dual EVs.

00:16:18 That's even more astounding yet.

00:16:19 That's a pair of Siamese twins that stick together.

00:16:22 These fellows strike material,

00:16:24 and they leave an absolute deposition mark,

00:16:26 a strike mark we call it,

00:16:28 showing that they were twinned

00:16:30 and that they are bound with enormous energies

00:16:32 and that these energies are useful for us to pull out

00:16:35 and use in a variety of ways

00:16:37 in this business of trying to get to EV world.

00:16:40 I noticed somebody's already ahead of me over there.

00:16:42 It says EV.

00:16:43 Isn't that something?

00:16:44 You never can do anything original, it seems.

00:16:47 Now, strike is what an EV does to something.

00:16:50 Whenever an EV is caught, it leaves a very definite mark.

00:16:53 You'll see some pictures of these marks.

00:16:56 They are one of the telltales that the EV leaves.

00:17:01 It can either bore holes,

00:17:02 or it can leave a mark in a particular kind

00:17:05 in a particular metal,

00:17:06 and from that you can characterize this charged cluster

00:17:09 and how it occurred and when it lived,

00:17:11 where it lived, how it lived.

00:17:13 Although 20 micrometers is not a new word,

00:17:15 it's a thing that comes up so often

00:17:17 because it's the diameter of an EV

00:17:19 that we're going to be working with today here.

00:17:22 I better throw it in.

00:17:23 It's something about the quarter of the diameter of a hair.

00:17:26 I'll say 20 micrometers this, 20 micrometers that.

00:17:29 So that will serve as a kind of a new word.

00:17:32 It's a more or less quantum determined thing

00:17:35 about certain class of EVs.

00:17:37 They're all 20 micrometers.

00:17:39 A silicon carbide is a material I've chosen to work with

00:17:43 in this particular talk

00:17:45 because it's easy for you to get.

00:17:47 It's just valve gardening compound, really.

00:17:49 If you get it fine enough, you mix it with glue,

00:17:51 you get one of the amazing materials that we play with

00:17:54 that will be used over and over again

00:17:56 in many of these things that we're working on.

00:17:58 A borehole is where an EV has been.

00:18:01 They leave very distinct little beautiful 20 micrometer traces

00:18:04 when they go through something.

00:18:06 And boring, boy, they are not.

00:18:08 They do so many interesting things.

00:18:10 They just make your life great from day to day.

00:18:13 We'll be using a form of point projection microscopy.

00:18:16 That's getting cheap magnification

00:18:21 by using a point, the thing you want to magnify,

00:18:26 and then a screen to see whatever it is that goes through.

00:18:29 And by adjusting the ratio of radii between these two things,

00:18:32 you get a variety of magnifications.

00:18:34 You can work down in the submicron range.

00:18:36 You can work in almost any range.

00:18:38 So it's a very convenient, cheap method

00:18:40 of seeing some of the effects

00:18:42 and characterizing the source that this illumination came from.

00:18:46 So we're going to use it to characterize the source

00:18:49 that light comes from

00:18:51 as we are generating it in this special way with an EV.

00:18:55 Now, disruption is one of the key words in this bit of work.

00:19:00 We see an effect

00:19:02 that essentially makes atoms let loose their neighbors

00:19:04 without getting all heated up about it.

00:19:07 It is a non-thermal dissolution or melting

00:19:10 of any material I've ever run into.

00:19:12 We can totally dishevel atomic bonds in material.

00:19:17 That gives us the ability to say,

00:19:20 well, if melting points and so forth

00:19:23 are the determinant of old-time thermodynamics,

00:19:25 maybe we better readjust our views on thermodynamics

00:19:28 because something else, some other whole process,

00:19:31 does this melting for us.

00:19:36 That sounds pretty good.

00:19:38 Maybe we ought to let him do it.

00:19:42 Phase change, that solids, liquids, gases stuff,

00:19:45 that's what happens when an EV gets intermixed with material.

00:19:50 It essentially turns a solid to a liquid

00:19:52 or it can turn it to a gas.

00:19:54 It's just a phase change of the more or less normal sort.

00:19:58 We have an effect that produces microthrusters.

00:20:02 These are good for torquing off satellites,

00:20:04 readjusting their alignments and so forth

00:20:06 or a lot of other things.

00:20:07 Whenever you want to push matter around electrically,

00:20:10 these microthrusters,

00:20:11 oh, we've already lost one, got to yawn.

00:20:14 These microthrusters are really great little things

00:20:17 because they're just an electrically operated piece of material

00:20:21 by spark, if you will,

00:20:23 that projects the material to just very, very high velocities,

00:20:26 quite abnormal stuff.

00:20:29 We're going to blame a lot of the effects that we get

00:20:32 on fractional electronic charge.

00:20:34 Since Nobel Prizes were issued last year for that,

00:20:37 well, why not jump on the bandwagon?

00:20:40 Fractional microelectronic charge is nothing but broken electron.

00:20:44 Putting it back together may give you an annihilation energy kind of thing.

00:20:48 It's a form of fusion, you name it.

00:20:50 I'm not going to get into any theories.

00:20:52 All I'm trying to say is we get an effect.

00:20:54 We don't know what it's due to.

00:20:56 We're going to have to tag something.

00:20:58 I don't go the nuclear route anymore.

00:21:00 I've been disappointed there too many times

00:21:02 because in this technology we see things happening

00:21:04 that don't invoke nuclear effects.

00:21:07 At the same time, we can see that it does have the ability to do it

00:21:10 if we get it set up right.

00:21:12 So I've just had to pick a new candidate.

00:21:14 Not zero-point energy. That's old stuff, right?

00:21:17 It's fractional electronic charge that's weak.

00:21:20 With that, we can produce these things called nuclear cluster reactions.

00:21:24 We have a choice of what we do with this broken electron.

00:21:28 We do get the cause, transmutation, in these cluster reactions that we get

00:21:34 but does not produce radioactive products.

00:21:36 That's a very neat trick.

00:21:40 Are we?

00:21:42 That's a problem I have in writing this paper.

00:21:44 I do this. Steve and I, we do that.

00:21:47 Us and do something else.

00:21:49 I couldn't work it out, so I'm not very English anyway,

00:21:51 so I just let it fly.

00:21:53 We will never figure out from the writing

00:21:55 who is going to be doing what in this particular work that we're talking about here.

00:21:58 When it comes to free energy, I haven't got a clue.

00:22:01 We do things.

00:22:03 We see what we like.

00:22:05 We converge, and we make the process work better.

00:22:09 We're not going to generate any theory on it.

00:22:12 And we will be out from under all of this in some period of time.

00:22:18 We never say when because we never seem to be right about that.

00:22:22 But as life goes on, we will finish this project finally.

00:22:27 But here is a typical strike mark that you get on an aluminum foil.

00:22:32 This is just a piece of 6-micrometer-thick aluminum.

00:22:36 It's not special in any particular way,

00:22:38 although that's about half the thickness of the standard Reynolds wrap

00:22:41 that you get in the kitchen foil.

00:22:43 When you strike with one of these sparks,

00:22:46 called spark in the past, I call them EVs now,

00:22:50 you get this kind of funny thing shown on the top.

00:22:53 If you flip the foil around on the reverse side,

00:22:55 you'll see this other thing shown below.

00:22:57 There's a micron mark here.

00:22:59 That's 10 micrometers.

00:23:02 And you'll notice a couple of things.

00:23:06 That in all of this sparking that you were doing,

00:23:09 it doesn't get to scan across the surface.

00:23:11 It says, in a sense, all energy is deposited in one succinct place.

00:23:15 It is not a current stream. It never has been.

00:23:17 It's a one-cluster-clump-whack, all the charge is in that one thing.

00:23:21 So forget the old theories of how current is laid down.

00:23:25 There's no meander of a current path,

00:23:27 and we can trace that to one part in a million.

00:23:29 It just doesn't happen.

00:23:31 It comes in as a clump in the spark type of discharges we're working with.

00:23:35 Now, the range that these things can travel in metal is very short.

00:23:39 They can only go about 10 micrometers deep into metal.

00:23:42 Very short.

00:23:44 Because the metal has a huge electron supply function

00:23:46 that essentially takes apart the ability for an EV to stay organized.

00:23:50 It can't. It can't live there.

00:23:53 So it dies.

00:23:56 But I want to impress on you how long this effect has been around.

00:24:01 Faraday could have done it.

00:24:04 Something happened to the minds of men that says,

00:24:06 charge must flow in the way they say.

00:24:09 It doesn't.

00:24:11 Don't believe me. Do it.

00:24:13 We'll be showing you how you can do it yourself very easily.

00:24:17 Now, on the other hand, charge flows, this form of charge, this EV thing,

00:24:22 flows very easily through dielectrics and semiconductors.

00:24:27 If, for example, you take a pair of aluminum oxide plates,

00:24:31 make them a half millimeter thick for convenience,

00:24:34 rub the edges together, get them lapped together so that they fit pretty well,

00:24:38 put that pair of plates down on an aluminum foil,

00:24:42 just standard old Reynolds-wrapped kitchen foil,

00:24:45 maybe put some chewing gum down on it to hold them together,

00:24:48 and then take a spark from virtually any source.

00:24:50 I happen to use a little commercial sparker.

00:24:53 You can make one up using an old TV set

00:24:55 or you can use a piezoelectric spark generator out of a $1.98 cigarette lighter.

00:25:01 Run that along the crack.

00:25:04 You'll get a series of holes. There are seven shown here.

00:25:07 In the center hole, I'll magnify here.

00:25:11 So you'll see that there's not only a bore path

00:25:14 that's formed through that aluminum oxide

00:25:17 with a melting point of over 2,000 degrees centigrade,

00:25:20 but you'll see that the top looks very much like a flower.

00:25:25 This has to be looked at in great detail,

00:25:28 and that's one of the things that makes this paper a little hard to live with

00:25:31 on this lecture basis.

00:25:33 You have to get down and think about what you're looking at.

00:25:36 What you're looking at here is a sloshing pattern.

00:25:40 There are three distinct sloshes showing,

00:25:44 each smaller than the one preceding it and overlapping.

00:25:47 These are like a flower when you view them from the top down.

00:25:51 I'll show you a shot of that in a minute.

00:25:54 The main thing to get here is that this material was fluidized,

00:26:04 and it didn't just go to a gummy aluminum oxide, which you usually get,

00:26:08 but sloshed back and forth rapidly.

00:26:11 It was going almost at electronic rates.

00:26:14 Something may have lowered the mass.

00:26:16 That's another little thing you're going to have to look at.

00:26:18 In the presence of these charge clusters,

00:26:20 a lot of strange things happen in that direction.

00:26:23 But whatever happened, sloshing is now interesting.

00:26:28 It's not just an old slosh.

00:26:31 On the top is an optical micrograph of a slosh pattern

00:26:36 that took place in lead oxide.

00:26:39 That's a glass. It's lead glass. It's mostly lead oxide.

00:26:44 And these lines that are radial-like are not splash lines.

00:26:49 Those are drawback lines.

00:26:51 That pattern of lead oxide was spread out very thin and very, very large

00:26:56 and managed to recoalesce when this EV went back in the hole.

00:27:01 This EV went into the lead oxide glass to the anode almost on the far side,

00:27:08 came back, back in, back in, back in.

00:27:11 And normally you'd say, well, that's just sloshing.

00:27:13 But we've correlated now the sloshing with the motion of this electronic entity.

00:27:20 The electronic entity drives this material.

00:27:24 The material lags slightly behind it.

00:27:26 But either we've got ball lightning-like thing walking very slowly through

00:27:30 at the rate that ordinary matter allows,

00:27:32 or we've got something moving much more rapidly

00:27:35 than you'd normally expect material to move.

00:27:38 So this is just one of the first looks you'll get at this business of sloshing

00:27:42 and the coupling between charged, highly charged entities like these and fluid motion.

00:27:55 If you look at the lower shot, you'll notice the sloshing is reduced.

00:27:58 There's only about two cycles as opposed to three, and maybe you might call it one.

00:28:03 That's the same lead oxide, but it was terminated different on the back side.

00:28:09 We found that from even this other pattern here,

00:28:16 any of these could be reduced to reduce the amount of sloshing

00:28:19 by terminating in an impedance-matching sense electrically the exit side.

00:28:27 If we made the exit side a slight taper, the material would go through just once,

00:28:31 whack, all the way through.

00:28:33 The EV exit carried everything out with it.

00:28:35 It's all done, where on the other hand,

00:28:37 if we put an abrupt termination on it on the back side, it would oscillate.

00:28:43 Well, I've never seen that before, but it's not useful either, perhaps.

00:28:48 But it does give us some clues as to what we're going to see.

00:28:53 Here's one of those tightly bound EV pairs I was talking about, a dual EV.

00:28:57 We say that historically, and in that book we were talking about,

00:29:02 you'll see EVs actually in dual flight.

00:29:05 You'll see them bound together doing wonderful ballet movements, if you will, in vacuum.

00:29:10 But here, the fact that they were synchronously arriving

00:29:13 is indicated only by the fact that the solidification pattern is uniform.

00:29:18 This does not count. That's just an extra other shot.

00:29:21 But the pair went through exactly at the same time.

00:29:24 As a matter of fact, in many materials,

00:29:27 like in the case where we can do a cross-section of a borehole,

00:29:30 you see that this pair stayed exactly aligned,

00:29:34 didn't twist, didn't do anything funny,

00:29:36 all the way through the whole material.

00:29:38 In fact, the cusp between the two is cleanly defined.

00:29:42 Now, that is one wild statement,

00:29:44 that two charge clusters, first of all.

00:29:47 Secondly, that they pair up.

00:29:49 Now that they can go through material

00:29:51 and leave an enormously detailed pattern behind of where they were.

00:29:59 This back and forth thing is throwing me out of sync a little bit.

00:30:02 I was supposed to be running the little cursor on this,

00:30:05 but can't do that and be up there.

00:30:10 One thing we have to address here and answer,

00:30:14 and I'll leave it up to some of you guys to get your own answers,

00:30:18 is did the EV slow down and wait for all this material

00:30:21 that's pulling along behind it?

00:30:23 Or did the EV maybe lighten its load a little bit,

00:30:27 reduce the mass of some of these materials?

00:30:30 Oh, wouldn't that be a thrill for physics

00:30:32 if we could find a way to reduce mass.

00:30:34 Did I hear any UFOers arise?

00:30:36 That is a possibility,

00:30:39 because I find such a huge difference in velocities,

00:30:44 and you'll see some more of that in another illustration here,

00:30:47 that something funny is going on.

00:30:49 I haven't had time to look at that part.

00:30:51 That's something somebody else is going to have to do.

00:30:54 Now let's take that first experiment we talked about

00:30:57 where we bored some holes through dielectrics.

00:31:00 Let's add one little twist to that.

00:31:02 Let's put an aluminum foil underneath this dielectric thing

00:31:05 that we bored through.

00:31:07 The aluminum foil is going to collect the material it shot through,

00:31:11 and we're going to then take it over to the microscope

00:31:13 and take a look at it and see what we can find out

00:31:15 about that material that came through,

00:31:17 because this is fairly unusual.

00:31:22 Oops, can't point at that. It won't work.

00:31:26 So this top shot shows virtually

00:31:33 everything Maryland would need to know.

00:31:35 This is magic as far as I'm concerned.

00:31:38 That material is aluminum oxide.

00:31:40 It was deposited on a 6-micrometer-thick aluminum plate,

00:31:44 a little thin thing compared to the rest of the dimensions.

00:31:47 You can see this is 40 micrometers,

00:31:49 so its thinness is quite thin.

00:31:51 It doesn't have very high thermal conductivity with that thinness

00:31:54 and the specific heats, whatever it is.

00:31:56 So you would expect a lot of heating effect to occur.

00:31:59 It doesn't.

00:32:01 There is almost no heat rise measured at all

00:32:05 on that aluminum foil immediately on the opposite side

00:32:08 of where this big slug of aluminum oxide hit.

00:32:13 How do we know? We cheat.

00:32:15 We put little tiny bits of materials like waxes,

00:32:18 things with very low melting point,

00:32:20 a variety of evaporated materials put on there,

00:32:23 and we sense what the temperature rise is.

00:32:26 It's not enough to melt the lowest temperature wax

00:32:28 that we can keep on the darn thing.

00:32:30 So this material has been fluidized from 2,000 degrees

00:32:34 and comes down and strikes this surface.

00:32:36 It's cold.

00:32:38 Moreover, it's electrified as it can be.

00:32:41 You see these strange little lines of stuff running out

00:32:43 as if Tesla was there.

00:32:46 Well, it is.

00:32:48 It's highly different material.

00:32:50 It feathers out to an atomically thin edge almost.

00:32:53 This material does not flow like most stuff.

00:32:55 It does not ball up.

00:32:58 Yet, in the very center regions here,

00:33:01 you can see magnified there, it's consolidated.

00:33:04 It's nice stuff.

00:33:06 It's friendly with itself to a degree.

00:33:10 It has any variety of velocities available to you.

00:33:18 If you want to impact that aluminum plate

00:33:23 and essentially drive the depositing material right through it,

00:33:26 you can do that.

00:33:28 We'll show you an example in a minute.

00:33:30 Or you can do this very benign deposition.

00:33:32 It's all under electrical control.

00:33:34 You control the velocity, you control the penetration

00:33:37 and the way things are handled on the other side.

00:33:40 Now, as I was saying, this is low-temperature stuff.

00:33:46 Don't believe me.

00:33:47 Go do it yourself.

00:33:49 Do something else while you're doing it.

00:33:51 Take ordinary aluminum oxide.

00:33:53 How do you do that?

00:33:54 Well, you just boil it in a vacuum chamber.

00:33:56 Anybody can do that, right?

00:33:58 Well, we do.

00:33:59 That's a normal part of vacuum deposition of aluminum oxide.

00:34:01 We heat the stuff.

00:34:03 We get it to splatter.

00:34:04 We wish it wouldn't most of the time.

00:34:06 But the tiny splatter only needs to be a few micrometer particle.

00:34:12 When one of those little splattered particles lands

00:34:14 on this same aluminum foil that's six micrometers thick,

00:34:17 it melts in.

00:34:19 It bites.

00:34:21 It evaporates a little bit of that material,

00:34:23 and you can see a decoration around the side of it

00:34:25 where it deposited on the material.

00:34:27 This stuff doesn't.

00:34:28 That's dark as can be right there.

00:34:30 None of the stuff that went down was boiling.

00:34:33 It was just fluid.

00:34:35 Electrically fluidized, perhaps.

00:34:41 One other little surprise in that same piece of work,

00:34:46 you'll find by looking at the back side

00:34:52 that you get the same deposition pattern back there,

00:34:54 the same appearance pattern, I should say,

00:34:56 that you would get if just the EV alone had struck.

00:35:00 But this is a combination of the EV striking in the center

00:35:05 plus the fluid, the Tesla fluid.

00:35:11 I found a certain sympathy for that here.

00:35:14 Coming out of that hole that was in the center,

00:35:16 which is only about 1,000 angstroms in diameter,

00:35:18 it's a little tenth of a micrometer thing.

00:35:20 It's not hardly optical.

00:35:22 That stuff flows through it and freezes.

00:35:25 We get a strike pattern that indicates

00:35:30 the EV passed through the solid material

00:35:32 strikes the aluminum plate

00:35:33 before the aluminum oxide ever arrives,

00:35:35 and then the aluminum oxide piles down on it

00:35:38 after having been liquefied in a cold state

00:35:43 and accelerated to go to that surface.

00:35:46 That's an unusual effect.

00:35:49 Couldn't possibly do it.

00:35:50 We'll have to finish Saturday.

00:35:54 Now...

00:35:56 We have a pretty slide.

00:36:02 It's one of my favorites.

00:36:04 If you take that same aluminum foil,

00:36:06 a kitchen wrap typically one mil thick,

00:36:09 spread a gooey on the surface,

00:36:11 the gooey being silicon carbide and epoxy.

00:36:14 Spread it on about six to ten mils thick.

00:36:17 Put that down on a plate that's grounded.

00:36:21 Run the spark coil over the top.

00:36:23 And then look at it from the side view.

00:36:25 You'll get this kind of an effect.

00:36:28 This side view being the edge of the aluminum foil here.

00:36:34 You run a coil or the electrode

00:36:36 that's doing the sparking along the top.

00:36:39 You'll see some little funny plumes

00:36:40 coming through on the back side.

00:36:42 These plumes have very high velocity ejection of material.

00:36:45 In some cases, that's the ones that appear fairly long.

00:36:49 And then you'll notice plumes going out the back.

00:36:51 That's the withdrawals in the direction that the EV went in.

00:36:55 So it went in.

00:36:56 It says, uh-oh, I don't like this.

00:36:58 I'm not properly terminated.

00:37:00 And it sucked all that material back out.

00:37:03 Here's a sudden reversal of some interest

00:37:05 as far as I'm concerned because it implies a lot of things.

00:37:09 One, the EV walked right through that material

00:37:12 two ways without hardly caring.

00:37:15 It does impart a lot of momentum to the silicon carbide.

00:37:18 But there are some little regions here

00:37:20 that you don't see the little sharp blue lines.

00:37:22 You don't see the energy effect.

00:37:25 You don't see the spray of silicon carbide coming out.

00:37:32 Take a closer look.

00:37:33 Of course, you're going to have an electron microscope

00:37:35 in your basement, I'm sure, like I do.

00:37:38 This is the entry side of one of those things.

00:37:40 It's a neat little borehole going through

00:37:43 if it doesn't come back out.

00:37:45 This paper and all this dross,

00:37:47 this material that's scattered here

00:37:49 is a result of the EV roaring back out.

00:37:52 When we use a soft plastic like five-minute epoxy

00:37:55 to do this job, it doesn't put that little edge on.

00:37:58 It tapers it the other way.

00:38:00 It's a cusp coming out.

00:38:01 It's dragging.

00:38:02 You can't break it by fracturing it.

00:38:04 So it just pulls it out and leaves.

00:38:06 The material goes on.

00:38:08 This is the side where the aluminum is on.

00:38:11 It's cut a moderately clean borehole.

00:38:13 I had to take a fairly dirty one

00:38:14 just to show you which way the things were going.

00:38:16 There actually are kind of going out.

00:38:18 But if I didn't pick this one specially,

00:38:20 you'd find just the cleanest little cut on that aluminum

00:38:23 of a quarter of the diameter of a hair,

00:38:27 made quite naturally.

00:38:32 If you take an aluminum foil that's clean

00:38:35 and stick underneath this layer of aluminum foil

00:38:39 with the silicon carbide on it

00:38:41 and spark again on the top

00:38:42 and try to catch that stuff,

00:38:44 like we did the aluminum oxide,

00:38:46 one of the variations

00:38:47 produces this enormously high-energy deposit.

00:38:50 The stuff that came down here

00:38:51 penetrates about 20 micrometers into the aluminum foil.

00:38:55 It's really toehold in there.

00:38:57 The stuff has a splatter characteristic,

00:39:00 but it's a strange one.

00:39:01 Nothing comes up.

00:39:02 Everything splatters sideways,

00:39:03 just like that lead oxide thing.

00:39:05 It's spread out so violently and then retracted.

00:39:09 As opposed to this relatively benign deposit

00:39:12 of aluminum oxide on the bottom

00:39:14 that you saw earlier.

00:39:16 Now, I like to make little engines.

00:39:19 Little engines love great materials like silicon carbide.

00:39:22 So this is a fine-deposition process.

00:39:24 This is a thing that we can use sparks

00:39:26 to deposit on unusual shapes.

00:39:28 Of course, you have to go one on top of the other

00:39:31 and just keep building up patterns

00:39:32 as if you were spraying.

00:39:34 But it is a fairly high-deposition rate process

00:39:37 and produces some nanocrystalline properties

00:39:39 and materials that are exotic.

00:39:41 Let's say the least.

00:39:42 We can just about do anything that there is to be done

00:39:45 except pure metals.

00:39:46 That's a no-no.

00:39:50 You get about 10 to the 13th atoms per shot

00:39:52 by this process,

00:39:54 and you do get some of these beautiful

00:39:56 nanocrystalline properties

00:39:57 that are supposed to be the hallmark

00:39:59 of great materials these days.

00:40:00 Got another yawn.

00:40:01 I must be done.

00:40:04 If you don't catch the stuff,

00:40:06 if you just shoot it right straight out into space,

00:40:09 you'll notice some interesting numbers.

00:40:11 A slug of material, again, about 10 to the 13th atoms.

00:40:14 You'll see if you look sideways at these little guys,

00:40:17 little shock cones.

00:40:18 They're spaced about every 3,000ths of an inch,

00:40:20 70 micrometers or so.

00:40:21 Now, that is roaring.

00:40:23 Shock cones are normally, you know, jets, quite large.

00:40:26 Rockets, slightly smaller.

00:40:29 I could put numbers to things like this.

00:40:31 I would come up with such extraordinary numbers.

00:40:33 I'm sure you wouldn't want to believe it,

00:40:34 but to be fair,

00:40:36 to do a shock cone calculation,

00:40:38 you're supposed to know something about the properties

00:40:40 of the fluid you're working with,

00:40:42 and that is one of the variables here.

00:40:44 We don't know what the properties of that fluid is

00:40:46 in this state for a moment.

00:40:48 It could be quite exceptional.

00:40:49 Nevertheless, when we measure things in vacuum

00:40:53 with a little bit different source

00:40:55 than what we've talked about,

00:40:57 it takes about 50 nanoseconds to travel a centimeter.

00:41:00 Now, that's a high velocity.

00:41:02 I'm going to let you put the numbers on it

00:41:04 because if I were to put the numbers on it,

00:41:06 to me, like they did to those guys from Utah,

00:41:08 you know, they gave them sort of a vacation in France

00:41:10 for a while.

00:41:12 Don't want to do that.

00:41:13 However, the xenon cluster work reported

00:41:16 by the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory guys

00:41:18 say that if they take a cluster of xenon,

00:41:21 shoot a few cycles of laser light at it,

00:41:24 one volt,

00:41:25 they get megavolts energies of explosion.

00:41:28 Only five?

00:41:29 Well, not a difference.

00:41:34 Now, that's funny to me

00:41:35 because here these guys come along

00:41:36 and say, well, they get megavolts,

00:41:37 they get neutrons,

00:41:38 they get all of the reactions

00:41:39 with a one megabuck tabletop hood head,

00:41:43 and they do it with one volt photons.

00:41:45 They don't get sent to Albania.

00:41:47 Now, that's not fair, you know?

00:41:50 But all right.

00:41:51 Somebody here has to do this enough times,

00:41:53 get enough reportings, I guess,

00:41:55 to finally become believable

00:41:57 to say that, yes, these velocities

00:41:59 in the megavolt equivalent energy range

00:42:01 are available with just volts in.

00:42:04 And that's what this whole argument's about.

00:42:06 The believability line separates

00:42:08 in whether it takes megavolts to do it,

00:42:10 apply it, or whether you can do it

00:42:11 with something coherent,

00:42:13 dense energy form,

00:42:14 which these things are.

00:42:18 Now,

00:42:21 this is a complicated issue.

00:42:23 If I don't get through it,

00:42:24 I'm not too surprised.

00:42:26 If you take and put underneath

00:42:28 this aluminum foil,

00:42:31 silicon carbide-coated mess,

00:42:34 a sensitive photo film

00:42:36 instead of an aluminum foil,

00:42:38 don't try to collect the garbage

00:42:39 that shot through.

00:42:40 Collect the light instead.

00:42:42 Do one other little trick.

00:42:43 In a particular region here,

00:42:45 so put a 200-mesh grid,

00:42:49 a screen grid,

00:42:50 so that you'll have some solid object

00:42:52 in there that you can say,

00:42:53 well, a point light came in here,

00:42:55 or some light, we don't know yet,

00:42:57 and imaged itself on this screen,

00:42:59 and then it got,

00:43:00 the photons were collected on the film,

00:43:03 just plain old 35-millimeter film,

00:43:05 which anybody can get

00:43:06 at drugstore stuff.

00:43:08 Then we'll get an image

00:43:09 that has some of these characteristics.

00:43:11 We'll have a region one

00:43:12 and a region two,

00:43:13 which we'll magnify in a minute,

00:43:14 but I want to break this

00:43:15 into two major considerations.

00:43:17 This region has no particles.

00:43:20 These have particles.

00:43:22 Now, the funny thing

00:43:23 about the particles is

00:43:24 they can strike that gelatin,

00:43:26 which is a very wet, nasty material.

00:43:30 The particles can run

00:43:31 and shoot sideways.

00:43:32 They stay right on the gelatin.

00:43:34 They come to a halt.

00:43:35 They actually stop.

00:43:37 They're emitting light

00:43:38 all the time they go,

00:43:40 and when they stop,

00:43:41 they don't even boil enough

00:43:43 to be popped off of the surface.

00:43:45 Everything else I've ever done in life,

00:43:47 when you have a hot particle

00:43:48 run across gelatin

00:43:49 and it gets near slow, boom.

00:43:51 The steam just blows it right off.

00:43:53 They don't do that here.

00:43:55 These particles are emitting light,

00:43:58 but no heat seems

00:43:59 to be coming out of them.

00:44:00 That's just another way

00:44:01 of helping to correlate

00:44:02 to the crazy thoughts

00:44:03 put out earlier.

00:44:05 This...

00:44:09 Ah, I lost one for sure.

00:44:10 There he went.

00:44:12 This beam of light

00:44:15 that we're talking about

00:44:18 essentially comes out

00:44:19 of each one of these

00:44:20 little bore holes

00:44:21 that we showed you

00:44:23 some pictures of.

00:44:24 The beam of light

00:44:25 is not a cosine shape

00:44:27 or anything.

00:44:28 It's a very, very

00:44:29 highly channeled

00:44:30 beam of light.

00:44:31 It has an angle

00:44:32 of not much more

00:44:33 than a fraction of a degree.

00:44:34 Now you'll see it scattering

00:44:35 on a variety of things,

00:44:36 and many of the patterns

00:44:37 that you'll get

00:44:38 in the point projection mode,

00:44:39 which are shown here,

00:44:41 these are the magnifications

00:44:42 of the two regions

00:44:43 I talked about earlier.

00:44:45 You'll see these

00:44:46 little tiny grids

00:44:48 magnified,

00:44:49 some cleanly,

00:44:50 some not so cleanly,

00:44:51 depending on the details

00:44:52 of the source.

00:44:53 But if you get down

00:44:54 and look at what

00:44:55 projection microscopy

00:44:56 allows you to do,

00:44:57 it will allow you to assess

00:44:59 the size of that light source

00:45:01 and its position.

00:45:02 From all of this kind of data,

00:45:04 you can conclude,

00:45:05 and remember,

00:45:06 we're only skimming

00:45:07 over the top.

00:45:08 Saturday we can get

00:45:09 into the details.

00:45:10 You can only conclude that,

00:45:11 well, this is a point

00:45:12 source of light.

00:45:13 It's not a rod-like source,

00:45:14 otherwise it would have

00:45:15 blurred out some

00:45:16 of these images.

00:45:17 It had many magnifications.

00:45:18 It occurs either closer

00:45:20 or further from

00:45:21 one of these things,

00:45:22 and it has spatial resolutions

00:45:24 in both aerial and length

00:45:27 that are not greater

00:45:28 than about 5 micrometers.

00:45:30 That's as opposed

00:45:31 to 20 micrometers

00:45:32 for the hole that was

00:45:33 cut in this thing.

00:45:34 And they don't happen

00:45:35 just at the hole.

00:45:36 They happen out in space.

00:45:38 Kind of interesting.

00:45:46 I'd be lucky.

00:45:49 Now, again,

00:45:51 here's one of those

00:45:52 little balls of stuff

00:45:53 that ran up to a stop

00:45:54 and quit.

00:45:55 Here's that grid

00:45:56 we were talking about earlier.

00:45:57 And these are just

00:45:58 some of the little specks

00:45:59 of dirt that show

00:46:00 on the surface

00:46:01 that will help you

00:46:02 formulate how big

00:46:04 was that spot.

00:46:05 Now, here's where you need

00:46:06 the CD-ROM to actually

00:46:07 see what's going on,

00:46:08 or you need to do it yourself.

00:46:10 But with ordinary photography,

00:46:11 you can see,

00:46:13 you can arrive at a conclusion

00:46:14 about how large

00:46:15 was this spot.

00:46:17 And that's important

00:46:18 as far as I'm concerned.

00:46:21 Generally, in the spots

00:46:22 that we deal with

00:46:23 in this,

00:46:24 we don't get anything

00:46:26 shorter in wavelength

00:46:27 than UV.

00:46:28 There are some photos,

00:46:30 one or two of these

00:46:31 little things,

00:46:32 that show that we're

00:46:33 penetrating the copper mask.

00:46:34 So there's a little

00:46:35 X-ray there.

00:46:36 We basically get coverage

00:46:37 of the energy spectrum,

00:46:38 we say,

00:46:39 if this is synchrotron

00:46:41 radiation,

00:46:43 by the stopping rate

00:46:45 of that charge cluster

00:46:46 that's coming in.

00:46:47 If it comes in

00:46:48 and stops quickly

00:46:49 and leaves,

00:46:50 X-ray,

00:46:51 if it stops slowly

00:46:52 through some of these

00:46:53 large structures we're using,

00:46:54 gradually re-accelerates,

00:46:56 you get visible light

00:46:57 and UV only.

00:46:58 So you'd expect

00:46:59 to have photons

00:47:01 produced by a

00:47:02 synchrotron chirping

00:47:04 type of mechanism.

00:47:05 You would expect

00:47:06 a kind of broad spectrum

00:47:07 from this.

00:47:09 You go find out

00:47:10 what the spectrum is.

00:47:11 It's easy to do,

00:47:12 you just stick in

00:47:13 different filters

00:47:14 in between the light source

00:47:15 and the target

00:47:16 that you're going to use

00:47:17 for a detector.

00:47:18 If you want a higher

00:47:20 wavelength,

00:47:21 shorter wavelengths,

00:47:22 you stop more suddenly.

00:47:24 You just run an EV

00:47:25 into a massive target

00:47:26 of metal.

00:47:27 Bingo, you'll get X-rays.

00:47:29 Copious emission

00:47:30 from just one

00:47:31 cluster of EVs

00:47:32 will do that.

00:47:33 It'll tear up the target.

00:47:35 If you really want

00:47:36 short emission,

00:47:37 go to

00:47:39 colliding EVs.

00:47:41 Now these guys

00:47:42 can get very fierce,

00:47:43 especially when they're small.

00:47:45 The smallest ones

00:47:46 we can easily work with

00:47:47 are like those duels.

00:47:49 The duels can be made

00:47:50 to fight each other

00:47:51 under certain conditions,

00:47:53 and in that case

00:47:54 you get gamma emissions.

00:47:56 We get it occasionally,

00:47:57 accidentally.

00:47:58 I've seen gamma emissions

00:47:59 reported by many people

00:48:00 in the fringe communities

00:48:02 from apparatus

00:48:03 that shouldn't do it.

00:48:04 It will do it.

00:48:05 With charged clusters

00:48:06 you can get gammas out

00:48:08 under certain conditions.

00:48:09 It doesn't take

00:48:10 megavolts in.

00:48:12 It just takes

00:48:13 at the most

00:48:14 a few hundred volts in

00:48:15 to do it.

00:48:19 If you

00:48:21 trick the substrate,

00:48:22 if you take a

00:48:23 metallic substrate

00:48:24 that has been

00:48:25 loaded with

00:48:26 typically hydrogen,

00:48:27 something to

00:48:28 embrittle it,

00:48:29 you can do this with

00:48:30 palladium, nickel,

00:48:31 titanium, a variety

00:48:32 of materials.

00:48:33 If you make that

00:48:34 strained

00:48:35 from hydrogen

00:48:36 embrittlement,

00:48:37 and if you

00:48:38 crack an EV,

00:48:39 a large one,

00:48:40 into that,

00:48:41 you get a very

00:48:42 high yield

00:48:43 that is

00:48:44 80 or 90 percent

00:48:45 of the shots at least,

00:48:46 will produce

00:48:47 transmuted materials.

00:48:49 In this particular example

00:48:50 taken from a paper

00:48:51 we gave about

00:48:52 three years ago.