00:00:00 My name is Eugene Garfield, and I'm the director of the Institute for Scientific Information in Philadelphia.

00:00:29 During the past few decades, there has been an enormous growth in scientific and technical research, which has resulted in incomparable growth in scientific and technical publications that is commonly called the scientific information explosion.

00:00:45 Actually, this term is a misnomer, and a more accurate term would be the information flood. Man has controlled floods before and harnessed the energy for useful purposes.

00:01:00 Therefore, allusions to the so-called information explosion can only create a sense of hopelessness among scientists that is unwarranted. Furthermore, unqualified statements that there are from 50,000 to 100,000 scientific and technical publications throughout the world only adds to that sense of hopelessness.

00:01:23 Actually, ISI's studies have conclusively proven that less than 500 journals account for more than 90% of the significant advances in science and technology.

00:01:36 This graph illustrates an interesting phenomenon characteristic of scientific publications. As you can see, a small number of scientific journals account for a very large percentage of the significant articles published.

00:01:53 Of the journals covered in the Science Citation Index, about 365 account for over 90% of the articles.

00:02:02 Less than one journal accounts for 50% of all significant articles published. This phenomenon is frequently referred to as Bradford's Law of Scattering.

00:02:15 Samuel Bradford was a British documentalist who studied the scattering of literature references in various subject fields and found that there is always a small number of journals which produce a large percentage of the references.

00:02:28 An exponentially larger list of journals is needed to account for the remainder.

00:02:34 However, at ISI we found that this list of journals is essentially the same for every field we studied. Therefore, by indexing the hardcore journals in each specialty, in addition to this rather critical list, we are able to provide effective coverage of all science.

00:02:56 The fact that we cover closer to 2,000 journals really reflects the fail-safe approach we have adopted.

00:03:03 Now, I do not wish to underestimate the information problem that the research worker and teacher faces today.

00:03:11 But I think that the information flood has sometimes been exaggerated and certainly it can be controlled.

00:03:18 ISI has worked out a number of solutions to these problems, but before I discuss them, I'd like to dispel a cliché that is often uttered about scientific literature, namely that it is cheaper to proceed in research without conducting a literature search.

00:03:38 Actually, the cost of modern information services should be regarded by the research administrator as a form of insurance policy that is small payment for the security it will provide research workers and indeed prevent them from costly duplication of effort that can only waste time, money, energy, and even prestige.

00:04:03 And if I may, let me tell you something about ISI.

00:04:07 The Institute for Scientific Information is located in this office building near Independence Hall in Philadelphia.

00:04:14 About 150 full-time ISI employees work here literally day and night producing ISI's information services.

00:04:23 In addition to editorial offices and an extensive library of journals, ISI's computer center is also located in this building.

00:04:34 ISI is known to scientists and librarians throughout the world for its three separate editions of Current Contents.

00:04:42 Current Contents Life Sciences includes in each weekly issue the contents pages of about 900 journals in biochemistry, medicine, and other life sciences.

00:04:55 Notice that each contents page has an ISI code number to facilitate procurement of articles listed.

00:05:03 The Physical Sciences edition of Current Contents also appears weekly and covers about 700 journals in physics, mathematics, space science, electronics, and chemistry.

00:05:21 While these two services cover chemistry quite heavily, ISI also publishes Current Contents Chemical Sciences, which provides even more intensive coverage of that field.

00:05:36 In addition to the actual contents pages, selected structural diagrams are provided.

00:05:42 Current Contents Chemical Sciences also includes a weekly subject index using ISI's unique permeate term concept, which I'll explain shortly.

00:05:55 In each issue of Current Contents, there is an author index and address directory.

00:06:00 This directory enables you to write to authors for reprints.

00:06:05 The Current Contents address directories are used quite heavily.

00:06:09 Last year, about five million reprint requests were made by Current Contents readers.

00:06:15 However, many times you may need more rapid service.

00:06:20 And in that case, you can use your own local library, or if the library does not have the journal, then you can use ISI's original article care sheet service, for which ISI maintains a rather unusual library.

00:06:34 ISI's library is obviously not intended for browsing.

00:06:39 We store several copies of each of more than 2,000 journals.

00:06:44 You can order individual care sheets with these order cards.

00:06:49 Incidentally, I wish to stress that care sheets are in fact removed directly from the journals.

00:06:57 For convenience, you can purchase ISI stamps to eliminate separate purchase orders.

00:07:04 You simply place the ISI stamp on the IBM card, which can then be mailed directly to ISI.

00:07:11 The care sheet is mailed the same day the request is received at ISI.

00:07:16 For people who want service yesterday, there is an OATS hotline.

00:07:21 You can dial directly, station to station, day or night, to order any care sheet you require.

00:07:29 ISI also publishes the Index Chemicus.

00:07:34 These typical Index Chemicus abstracts illustrate why chemists like IC's format, written in the international language of chemistry, the structural diagram.

00:07:47 Index Chemicus also contains molecular formula indexes and subject indexes,

00:07:54 which, like the subject indexes to current contents, are produced by chemists.

00:08:01 The computer is then used to sort and print IC's indexes monthly, semi-annually, and annually.

00:08:10 In the past eight years, the Index Chemicus has reported over 800,000 new chemical compounds.

00:08:18 And incidentally, the cumulative Index Chemicus is also published separately as the Encyclopedia Chemicae Internationale.

00:08:29 In addition to all these services, ISI also leases its magnetic tape files, which are used to produce the Science Citation Indexes.

00:08:41 These tapes are unquestionably the largest files of their kind available in the world today,

00:08:47 and a number of organizations are using them to provide SDI and retrieval services for their own organizations.

00:08:56 While current contents solve the current awareness problem of scientists, they also need a method for retrospective search of the literature.

00:09:07 The ideal system must not only be simple and fast, but it must also provide in-depth, multidisciplinary access.

00:09:17 And it is with these points in mind that the Science Citation Index was designed.

00:09:23 And it is the Science Citation Index that is the main point of my talk today.

00:09:28 SDI is in fact a total system of five separate yet integrated indexes.

00:09:36 Let's begin with the SDI Source Index.

00:09:40 SDI Source Index is comparable to the traditional Author Index.

00:09:46 While the Source Index is used in combination with the other parts of the SDI system,

00:09:51 it can be used independently to determine, for any given calendar year, what a particular scientist has published.

00:10:00 All authors are indexed, and when co-authors are cross-referenced, not only is the primary author shown, but also the journal citation.

00:10:10 Thus, all papers for a given author can be found on a single page of the Source Index.

00:10:17 The SDI appears annually and quarterly.

00:10:22 The quarterly set is normally replaced by the annual accumulation.

00:10:28 Each annual accumulation is a permanent bound set of volumes.

00:10:33 The SDI is a calendar year index.

00:10:38 This means that every issue of every journal indexed in the SDI system is completely indexed by the end of the year.

00:10:47 For example, all 52 weekly issues of journals such as Nature, Science, JAMA, and Physical Review will be comprehensively indexed.

00:10:59 Similarly, 99% of every quarterly SDI is current and complete.

00:11:07 By contrast, in traditional abstracting services, the year of coverage is the date of the abstract rather than the publication's index.

00:11:18 Another of the SCI indexes is the SCI Corporate Index, which provides a function comparable to the Source Index.

00:11:29 In this index, however, it is possible to determine for any given organization what articles have been published by members of its staff for that calendar year.

00:11:40 For example, here is a list of publications by the members of the staff of Michigan State University.

00:11:47 While the author and corporate approach is frequently used to identify subject matter, the most widely used method is by word indexing.

00:11:57 In fact, most people assume that all subject indexes are word indexes.

00:12:03 As will be seen later, this is not necessarily the case.

00:12:06 However, in the SDI system, the subject word approach is provided by the Permuterm Index.

00:12:14 The Permuterm concept was invented at ISI.

00:12:19 It is automatic indexing by computer augmented by man-machine edits.

00:12:25 Thus, for each article index, the computer selects each significant word and then creates all possible permutations of term pairs.

00:12:36 This means that in the average article, which contains about seven significant words, about 35 permuted pairs will be created.

00:12:46 For example, in this article on pink discoloration and Italian varieties of cheese, the computer has created all of these permuted pairs.

00:12:56 Thus, when using the Permuterm Index, the searcher will be able to find the article no matter which of these permuted pair headings he uses.

00:13:06 The Permuterm Index is an alphabetically arranged word index and is quite easy to use.

00:13:14 Suppose one is interested in literature on the effect of age on female behavior.

00:13:20 You can begin the search under age, female, or behavior.

00:13:26 The primary entry, female, is followed by the co-term entries for age and behavior, which also appear in alphabetical order as subheadings.

00:13:38 An article by Diamond has, in fact, appeared on this topic.

00:13:43 Using the author's name and the ISI code number, the title is identified in the source index as Effective Age on Female Sexual Behavior in the Guinea Pig.

00:13:55 The Permuterm Index will be useful for finding known articles even when the author's name has been forgotten.

00:14:05 It will also be able to be used in finding other key articles on that same topic.

00:14:11 Permuterm Index is, of course, based on natural language.

00:14:15 That is the current terminology used by authors in their articles.

00:14:20 Like Humpty Dumpty and Lewis Carroll's Through the Looking Glass, when a professional indexer uses a subject heading, he is really saying,

00:14:29 when I use a word, it means just what I choose it to mean, neither more nor less.

00:14:35 This often leads to difficulty.

00:14:38 While word indexes of all kinds have an important place in the literature retrieval process,

00:14:44 scientists have long recognized their basic shortcomings.

00:14:48 Over ten years ago, ISI began an investigation of the system of citation indexing.

00:14:54 Long experience has shown that citation indexing overcomes the many inherent limitations of word indexes

00:15:01 and provides in-depth subject indexing not found in any of these other systems.

00:15:07 Unquestionably, therefore, the most important section of the science citation index system is the citation index.

00:15:16 In contrast to the source index, the citation index is definitely not an author index.

00:15:24 The citation index tells you for any given article or book, regardless when or where it was published, where that publication was cited.

00:15:33 For important reasons, the citation index is arranged by the author of the cited publication, as will be shown in several examples.

00:15:43 Suppose you are interested in finding articles in recent literature on the application of the diffusion equation

00:15:49 first discussed in 1906 by Albert Einstein in the German journal Annalen der Physik.

00:15:56 Now, in order to find this information, one simply looks in the citation index for the name Einstein.

00:16:04 Each of these dotted lines represents a different article by Einstein that has been cited in 1966.

00:16:12 But here is the condensed citation for his 1906 paper on the diffusion equation.

00:16:18 Listed right directly below, you see a dozen papers published in 1966 which refer to this paper by Einstein.

00:16:27 Thus, it should be noted that in the science citation index, all cited works are listed regardless of their age.

00:16:35 This paper by Einstein was published over 60 years ago.

00:16:39 The complete identifications for the citing items will be found in the source index.

00:16:46 One finds, among others, this paper on the rheological properties of ice cream, published in the Journal of Food Science.

00:16:55 On the other hand, one also finds a paper on ribonucleic acid from the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

00:17:04 Examine this list of papers.

00:17:06 It would scarcely be apparent, even to the most sophisticated indexer, that these articles concern the topic in this search.

00:17:15 Yet my secretary was able to perform this search using the SCI in a few minutes,

00:17:22 a search which is impossible by any other indexing system available.

00:17:28 Whenever I discuss the science citation index, I am inevitably asked, how can one search by subject?

00:17:36 The citation index is indeed a subject index, but it does not employ the symbols used in traditional indexes.

00:17:44 In the citation index, the symbols used for subjects are citations.

00:17:53 The index term is an earlier cited paper, and the document retrieved is the current citing paper.

00:18:01 Let me digress for a moment.

00:18:04 Here we have drawn a symbol for a concept that is known to almost any person in the world.

00:18:10 Here is another symbol for that same concept, the ampersand.

00:18:14 Now most people do not think of words as symbols, but of course they are.

00:18:19 The word and is also a symbol for this same concept.

00:18:24 It makes no difference which of these symbols I use.

00:18:27 A concept is defined.

00:18:29 In the same way, literature citations are also symbols for subject matter.

00:18:36 Consider the subject, lifelike forms in meteorites, as discussed by Harold Urey in 1962 in Science.

00:18:44 In the citation index system, this subject is represented by this symbol, H.C. Urey, Science, 137, 623, 1962.

00:18:56 And whenever you wish to search this specific topic, look for this symbol in the citation index.

00:19:02 If anything has been published subsequently, it will be listed there.

00:19:06 Indeed, in the 1965 citation index under Urey, H.C., we find many of his publications cited, and in particular, our starting reference.

00:19:18 Right below is the entry, G. Muller, Nature, 1965, volume 205, page 1200.

00:19:29 And in the source index, we find it is a paper by Muller on interpretations of microstructures in carbonaceous meteorites.

00:19:38 Thus it was possible, by a very routine search, to find relevant information on this topic,

00:19:44 even though the terminology used by Muller and Urey is not exactly the same.

00:19:51 Consider an example from a different field.

00:19:55 Suppose that we would like to compile a rather comprehensive bibliography of recent papers on the topic

00:20:02 Absorbance and Emission Spectra of Aromatic Compounds in Solid Solution in Rare Gas Crystals,

00:20:10 a subject on which it turns out there is quite a bit of literature.

00:20:15 A knowledgeable person in this field would ordinarily have a list of older starting references

00:20:22 which he could obtain from his reprint collection or by a variety of other methods,

00:20:28 perhaps a search in the Permit Term Index or in chemical abstracts or physics abstracts.

00:20:35 Having obtained this list of starting references, he could enter the SCI with one or more of these and proceed as I did before.

00:20:44 However, let us assume that the only paper that he has at hand is a paper he found recently by scanning current contents.

00:20:52 Thus a paper by Diamant concerning the near-ultraviolet spectra of benzene in inert solid solutions might be all we know.

00:21:02 How can you search the Citation Index if the paper is too recent to have been cited?

00:21:11 Well, simply turn to the bibliography in this current paper and then select one or more references in the bibliography

00:21:19 as starting points in the Citation Index search.

00:21:23 For example, look up this paper and enter the Citation Index under Robinson, GW.

00:21:31 You will find it is cited by Diamant and a dozen other authors.

00:21:42 By continuing this procedure, we can locate about 75 relevant papers in 28 journals.

00:21:50 This rather comprehensive search was accomplished in about three hours' time,

00:21:56 including the time required to type the entire bibliography.

00:22:01 Once the starting references were specified, the effort was entirely clerical.

00:22:07 A comprehensive search of this kind, however, is usually conducted only when one is about to launch a major project.

00:22:14 Suppose, on the other hand, you wish to follow a very specific concept in the SCI.

00:22:20 In this particular case, the scientist could have said,

00:22:24 let's narrow the search down to one aspect of this problem.

00:22:28 For example, in the paper by Diamant, there is the following quotation.

00:22:33 Another possible interpretation of the observations reported here

00:22:37 would be based on recent studies of the crystal structure of argon containing an impurity.

00:22:43 Right after the quotation, there is a reference to the work of C.S. Barrett.

00:22:49 Simply look up the symbol for the C.S. Barrett reference in the citation index.

00:22:54 In a few minutes, you would find four references to supplement the Barrett article.

00:23:00 Two of them appeared in 1965 and two in 1964.

00:23:09 The citation index is ideally suited for searching methodology.

00:23:19 Consider this quotation from the Diamant paper, where Kasch's filter is mentioned.

00:23:28 Simply look up the reference for Kasch's original paper from the 1948 Journal of the Optical Society,

00:23:35 and you obtain a complete bibliography of papers in which that method has been employed.

00:23:41 These papers appeared in a wide variety of journals,

00:23:46 and you would have searched the whole spectrum of traditional discipline-oriented indexing services in vain

00:23:52 to find most of these papers.

00:23:55 Using the SCI, the complete search was done by a clerk in about 30 minutes.

00:24:03 As a final example of using the citation index in a routine fashion,

00:24:09 let's consider this medical example.

00:24:13 As in every search of the citation index, one must define a subject by one or more starting references.

00:24:20 In the SCI, one finds the papers that had cited the items in the starting bibliography.

00:24:28 Consider the following 1959 paper by J.S. Thompson

00:24:33 on the problem of serum cholesterol levels in heart patients.

00:24:38 To perform this specific search by traditional word-searching methods,

00:24:43 one would have to examine this array of subject headings,

00:24:47 under which hundreds of articles would be listed,

00:24:50 but most of them would be quite far removed from this very specific topic.

00:24:56 However, by entering the SCI with this reference by J.S. Thompson as the key to the topic,

00:25:03 one immediately identifies a few papers on this specific topic.

00:25:09 In particular, this paper by W.D. Brown,

00:25:14 which appeared in the Medical Journal of Australia.

00:25:17 Again, I wish to emphasize that this search could be done for you

00:25:22 by one of your assistants in a few minutes.

00:25:26 I've shown you how the science citation index

00:25:29 can be used to conduct retrospective searches on a wide variety of topics.

00:25:35 However, as rapidly as we publish our quarterly indexes,

00:25:39 there's always an inherent time lag of a few months.

00:25:44 To fill in this gap and keep you currently up to date on specific topics,

00:25:49 ISI also operates its automatic subject citation alert.

00:25:54 ASCA is a service which complements the science citation index on a week-to-week basis.

00:26:01 ASCA is a computer-based system

00:26:04 for the selective dissemination of information to individual scientists.

00:26:09 In order to provide this kind of service to individuals,

00:26:13 it is, of course, necessary for you to construct a profile of your individual interests.

00:26:20 Here's an ASCA profile entry form.

00:26:23 In this particular case, the profile topic is enzymes as food additives.

00:26:32 First, the subscriber listed a group of specific papers on this topic.

00:26:38 Then he listed a number of key words, word stems, and phrases.

00:26:45 When we receive the profile,

00:26:48 the ASCA system will alert him to particular papers appearing each week on this topic.

00:26:56 There are two duplicate copies.

00:26:59 You retain the file copy,

00:27:02 the other copy is marked,

00:27:04 and return to ISI to obtain desired articles.

00:27:09 Here is another ASCA report for a scientist interested in the topic of chemical evolution.

00:27:15 In this case, the subject is extremely difficult to prescribe by a word profile.

00:27:22 And there are many subjects of this kind.

00:27:25 Citation indexing overcomes the basic difficulties in preparing such profiles.

00:27:31 However, there are other topics for which the ASCA system can help.

00:27:37 However, there are other topics for which word profiles are quite useful.

00:27:42 Consider the topic of dimethyl sulfoxide.

00:27:46 It is possible to anticipate many pertinent papers on DMSO by a simple word profile.

00:27:56 But there are many useful papers on DMSO that would not be anticipated by words,

00:28:02 but will be picked up by citation indexing.

00:28:09 For example, this paper in the Finnish chemical journal concerning ethylene oxide.

00:28:17 As another example, consider the topic,

00:28:21 hydrolysis of hindered esters by lithium halides and pyridines.

00:28:25 An extremely difficult profile question to search by traditional methods.

00:28:30 Nevertheless, based on a single key citation,

00:28:34 the ASCA system easily retrieved these papers.

00:28:40 Searches of this kind illustrate the versatility of citation indexing

00:28:45 in fields such as organic chemistry.

00:28:48 To ensure your tranquility, an ASCA report is mailed

00:28:53 even though no new information has been uncovered.

00:28:58 In fact, many subscribers are quite pleased to obtain such reports,

00:29:02 particularly those involved in proprietary projects.

00:29:06 The scientist is not always deliriously happy to learn

00:29:09 that his original idea has been anticipated by someone else.

00:29:14 I said at the outset that the cost of modern information services

00:29:20 should be regarded as an insurance investment

00:29:23 to prevent loss of time, energy, and money.

00:29:28 Now I'd like to substantiate that claim

00:29:31 with a concrete example found in the literature.

00:29:35 I'd like to point out that it's not too easy to find examples of this kind

00:29:39 because most duplications are exposed long before publication.

00:29:45 Whether or not the duplication occurred during the preparation of a PhD dissertation,

00:29:51 a patent application, or a journal article,

00:29:55 and we all know cases of this kind, the loss is always painful.

00:30:01 In 1962, this paper appeared in the Journal of Biological Chemistry.

00:30:07 The work was done by a reputable pharmaceutical company

00:30:11 and concerned a reagent for the detection of nitrogen-containing compounds.

00:30:17 On the last page, five references were cited by the authors of this paper.

00:30:23 I've circled the four key references.

00:30:26 If the SCI had been available at that time,

00:30:30 any clerk could have determined that this paper from Analytical Chemistry

00:30:36 had been published in 1958.

00:30:41 Of the eight papers cited,

00:30:43 I've also circled the four papers later cited in the 1962 paper.

00:30:51 This paper was a complete anticipation of the 1962 JBC work

00:30:57 as acknowledged in a correction note,

00:31:01 also published in the 1962 JBC.

00:31:06 In the correction note, the authors state that their work was published

00:31:10 without knowledge on their part or on the part of the editors

00:31:14 that the previous paper existed.

00:31:17 And I might add that the referees were equally uninformed.

00:31:22 But this is not the end of the story.

00:31:25 In the past few years, through our ASCA service,

00:31:29 I have located over 20 papers which have cited the 1962 work.

00:31:34 And in each case, I've corroborated in writing

00:31:38 that the authors were not familiar with the earlier 1958 paper

00:31:43 or the subsequent correction note.

00:31:47 A routine search of the SCI would have easily uncovered this information.

00:31:54 The world has witnessed many exciting and dramatic changes

00:31:59 since this motion picture was first produced.

00:32:32 ♪♪

00:32:54 And among the most dramatic events have been the changes at ISI

00:32:58 during the last few years.

00:33:01 To better serve the expanding informational requirements

00:33:04 of researchers around the world,

00:33:07 ISI has broadened its current awareness coverage

00:33:10 to include about 5,000 of the world's leading scientific and technical journals.

00:33:15 This important information is now disseminated

00:33:18 in five weekly Current Contents editions.

00:33:22 They are Current Contents Life Sciences,

00:33:28 Current Contents Physical and Chemical Sciences,

00:33:33 Current Contents Agricultural, Food, and Veterinary Sciences,

00:33:38 Current Contents Engineering and Technology,

00:33:43 and Current Contents Behavioral, Social, and Educational Sciences.

00:33:49 Each weekly issue reproduces the Current Contents pages

00:33:53 of 700 to 1,200 journals in their original format

00:33:57 to assure that information is as current as possible.

00:34:00 Journals are shipped by air.

00:34:02 A specially negotiated agreement secures for ISI

00:34:05 the contents pages of many of these journals

00:34:08 in advance of their own publication.

00:34:11 And of course, every issue of Current Contents

00:34:14 includes ISI's famous author index and address directory,

00:34:18 now in a new, easier-to-read format

00:34:21 that makes it simple to correspond directly with authors

00:34:24 of your own interest.

00:34:27 For even faster personal access to any of the thousands of articles listed,

00:34:31 each issue provides an original article tear sheet order form.

00:34:35 This speeds the actual tear sheets or authorized photocopies

00:34:39 from ISI's library warehouse of journals

00:34:42 within 24 hours of the receipt of your order directly to you.

00:34:55 Beginning in 1967,

00:34:58 ISI has produced annually the only comprehensive international directory

00:35:02 of publishing scientists.

00:35:04 This unique directory, now titled Who is Publishing in Science,

00:35:08 accumulates the mailing addresses listed in any edition

00:35:11 of Current Contents during the year.

00:35:14 Since not all researchers publish every year,

00:35:17 each annual volume of Who is Publishing in Science

00:35:20 lists thousands of new names

00:35:23 and is a unique source for locating or identifying

00:35:26 the world's publishing research and development scientists.

00:35:30 The first section of the directory is arranged alphabetically

00:35:33 for rapid search or verification of authors' names and addresses.

00:35:37 To further increase its value,

00:35:40 the directory also contains geographic and organizational indexes

00:35:44 for rapid identification of the authors associated

00:35:47 with specific scientific organizations.

00:35:51 The core of ISI's retrospective searching services

00:35:55 continues to be the Science Citation Index

00:35:58 and the Permuterm Subject Index.

00:36:01 The Permuterm Subject Index is now published quarterly

00:36:05 as well as annually and is therefore extremely current.

00:36:09 The first Science Citation Index, published in 1961,

00:36:14 had a database of 600 journals.

00:36:17 This has now been expanded to over 2,500 journals

00:36:21 and continues to grow.

00:36:24 The preparation of supplementary volumes for the years 1962-1963

00:36:29 fills in a previous gap and makes SCI continuous

00:36:33 and totally up-to-date.

00:36:36 A new five-year cumulative version of Science Citation Index

00:36:40 covering 1965 through 1969

00:36:43 takes the place of five separate annual issues

00:36:46 and conserves valuable shelf space

00:36:49 without sacrificing any reference information.

00:36:53 The merging of five years' entries greatly reduces lookups,

00:36:57 saving valuable research time and book handling.

00:37:01 New photo composition techniques, larger type size,

00:37:05 and format rearrangement provide improved legibility

00:37:08 to make SCI easier to use than ever.

00:37:12 A specialized chemical information service

00:37:15 known as Index Chemicus Registry System, or ICRS,

00:37:20 has been developed to save search time and development money

00:37:23 for organizations engaged in the synthesis or application

00:37:26 of chemical compounds.

00:37:29 The primary organic, biological, medicinal, agricultural,

00:37:33 and pharmaceutical chemical journals of the world

00:37:36 are searched for data on new chemical compounds and reactions

00:37:39 and summarized in printed and machine-readable form

00:37:42 to meet a broad range of search requirements.

00:37:45 Each of the new compounds located in the literature

00:37:48 is encoded into a Wistweser line notation.

00:37:52 Unlike molecular formulas, chemical nomenclature

00:37:55 or fragmentation codes, a Wistweser line notation, or WLN,

00:38:00 provides for each chemical structure a unique,

00:38:03 unambiguous, alphanumeric representation.

00:38:07 Each WLN is entered onto a magnetic tape

00:38:10 to prepare computer-searchable data by chemical substructure.

00:38:15 A companion tape for the Index Chemicus Registry System

00:38:19 provides complete bibliographic, use profile,

00:38:22 analytic instrumentation data,

00:38:24 and subject indexing terms of the source articles.

00:38:28 The computer-searchable tapes are supplied on a monthly basis

00:38:31 to subscribers for their own use.

00:38:35 ISI's proprietary software enables users to perform

00:38:38 either retrospective or current awareness searches of this data file.

00:38:43 Back years of ICRS tapes are available for retrospective searches.

00:38:49 Current Abstracts of Chemistry is a weekly ISI publication

00:38:53 featuring abstracts of important articles in the chemical literature

00:38:57 with special emphasis placed upon new compounds and reactions

00:39:00 in the field of organic chemistry.

00:39:03 These articles are reported immediately after original publication

00:39:07 and structural and reaction flow diagrams are provided

00:39:10 in addition to the traditional abstract.

00:39:14 Index Chemicus is published monthly and cumulated annually.

00:39:18 Thus, CAC and IC combine to provide both current awareness

00:39:23 and retrospective searching.

00:39:27 CSI, or the Chemical Substructure Index,

00:39:30 is a monthly accumulation of permuted WSWR line notations

00:39:34 for the compounds reported in the current abstracts of chemistry

00:39:37 during the previous month.

00:39:40 This provides the world's only manual system for retrieval

00:39:43 of chemical compounds by specific substructures.

00:39:48 This timely and comprehensive chemical information service

00:39:51 is also cumulated annually.

00:39:55 To keep the chemical researcher completely up to date

00:39:58 on new material of interest in his chosen field,

00:40:01 ISI maintains the Automatic New Structure Alert Service, or ANSA,

00:40:06 which is a chemical information retrieval and SDI service

00:40:09 similar to the well-known ASCA current awareness system

00:40:12 for scientific journal literature.

00:40:16 While the range of ISI services is designed to fit

00:40:19 as many requirements as possible,

00:40:21 there are many special unique requirements that arise

00:40:24 and the Institute has created a department just for this purpose.

00:40:29 ISI information scientists undertake these special projects

00:40:32 on a contract basis, from as small a task

00:40:35 as a single hour of specific search

00:40:38 to the preparation of special indexes of a customer's proprietary data

00:40:42 for the creation of special databases.

00:40:46 Over the last several years, ISI has, through private investment,

00:40:50 constructed a multidisciplinary machine language database

00:40:54 covering more than two million source particles.

00:40:58 This file is increasing by over 10,000 items per week

00:41:01 or over one half million new items per year.

00:41:05 Available on a subscription basis and delivered weekly,

00:41:09 ISI magnetic tapes allow subscribers to operate

00:41:12 their own automated information services.

00:41:15 Various educational and industrial organizations

00:41:18 personally receive and use ISI magnetic tapes

00:41:21 to produce their own internal SDI services.

00:41:25 ISI also provides tapes to an international network

00:41:28 of information centers in several countries.

00:41:32 The entire range of ISI services is now a part

00:41:36 of the National Information System of Spain,

00:41:39 distributed through the Ministry of Education.

00:41:42 Negotiations are underway with several other countries

00:41:45 to establish more national SDI systems

00:41:48 based on ISI source material and data.

00:41:53 In Japan, the Index Chemicus Registry System

00:41:56 and the Automatic Subject Citation Alert

00:41:59 are in use as a national system.

00:42:03 And ISI tapes are used by the National Research Council in Canada,

00:42:08 the Royal Institute of Technology in Sweden,

00:42:12 and by the Center for Scientific and Technical Information in Israel.

00:42:18 The growth in popularity of ISI services

00:42:21 is run in parallel with the increase in journal publication

00:42:24 throughout the world.

00:42:26 Since the individual scientist can only be exposed

00:42:29 to a fraction of the world's information in his lifetime,

00:42:32 he is dependent upon simple, systematic processes

00:42:35 for discovery and recovery of information.

00:42:39 He must be able to determine quickly and efficiently

00:42:42 whether it is valid to proceed in his research.

00:42:45 And to this end, ISI is dedicated.

00:42:50 As the institute continues to broaden the base of coverage

00:42:53 of all of its services,

00:42:55 it is constantly striving to make it easier

00:42:57 for the individual scientist

00:42:59 to identify and extract the specific items of information

00:43:02 that have interest and value for him.

00:43:20 .

00:43:25 .

00:43:30 .

00:43:33 .