00:00:00 This video was taken from a DVD, which itself was made from an unknown magnetic tape.

00:00:30 This video was taken from a DVD, which itself was made from an unknown magnetic tape.

00:01:00 This video was taken from a DVD, which itself was made from an unknown magnetic tape.

00:01:30 This video was taken from a DVD, which itself was made from an unknown magnetic tape.

00:02:00 This video was taken from a DVD, which itself was made from an unknown magnetic tape.

00:02:30 This video was taken from a DVD, which itself was made from an unknown magnetic tape.

00:03:00 This is beginning to collapse because it's evacuated on the inside and the pressure outside is greater than the pressure that's inside.

00:03:11 In fact, it's kind of assuming this funny shape here.

00:03:16 So why don't we just push this back here and let it go for a while.

00:03:24 So the effect of the atmospheric pressure then is quite real if you evacuate the can as we have done here.

00:03:32 Now, you know, air is composed of nitrogen, oxygen, and a few other gases.

00:03:41 These gases constitute all the composition of air.

00:03:48 They say nitrogen, oxygen, carbon dioxide, some hydrogen, and the various proportions are the ones that you see here.

00:03:57 What I'm going to do in this lecture is talk about the properties of nitrogen in the gaseous phase and in the liquid phase,

00:04:07 as well as oxygen in the gaseous phase and in the liquid phase, and talk about the properties of matter that we know about.

00:04:17 Now, carbon dioxide is a component of air, and I would like to do a couple of demonstrations now to show you that it is indeed something that we do breathe.

00:04:33 What I have here is a solution of calcium hydroxide, lime water.

00:04:46 And what I'd like to do is ask for a couple of volunteers about you.

00:04:54 Would you come up here, please, and just stand over here, right where I'm standing.

00:05:01 And then when I say go, start blowing into the solution.

00:05:06 And I'm going to ask you also to come up and stand right next to her.

00:05:12 And you turn this way. How about turning that way?

00:05:16 And you turn this way, and you turn that way, all right?

00:05:19 And when I say go, you start blowing. Don't suck, all right?

00:05:24 Why don't you hold it this way so people can see what's going to happen.

00:05:30 Ready? Go!

00:05:32 Not very hard, not very hard.

00:05:35 And you see that in one of the containers here, we are developing a rather cloudy situation.

00:05:46 And what's happening is that the calcium hydroxide is absorbing the carbon dioxide that they are exhaling, and they're forming calcium hydroxide.

00:05:56 And I think it's pretty close to a draw, so why don't you just stop now.

00:06:01 Thank you both very much.

00:06:05 Well, what I'd like to do is show you how quickly I can beat both of them by using a chunk of dry ice.

00:06:18 As you know, dry ice is solid carbon dioxide.

00:06:21 And just put the dry ice in the solution here, and you see very quickly it gets to be cloudy.

00:06:27 And the reaction is between carbon dioxide and calcium hydroxide, and gives you the insoluble limestone, calcium carbonate.

00:06:36 Now, I want you to watch very carefully what's going to happen next.

00:06:40 Because this is an illustration of the principles of chemical equilibrium that we have encountered.

00:06:47 If you look carefully, you'll see that the cloudiness is disappearing.

00:06:52 And, in fact, the solution is becoming fairly clear.

00:06:56 And that's because of a reaction that is taking place due to the presence of the excess carbon dioxide.

00:07:02 The insoluble calcium carbonate, in the presence of excess CO2, goes into soluble calcium bicarbonate.

00:07:09 And the calcium bicarbonate is a soluble substance, and therefore we have a clear solution.

00:07:17 So, this is one of the things that we've talked about, how we can shift the position of chemical equilibrium.

00:07:25 And before this equilibrium system runs out here, let me just keep it going a little bit here.

00:07:32 By, again, using the dry ice.

00:07:36 The systems that we will look at today, as I mentioned before, deal with the nitrogen and oxygen gases in the liquid state.

00:07:50 And so what we're going to do is look at a temperature scale now, just to give us a fix as to what range of temperature we're looking at.

00:07:58 And the temperature that we are most familiar with, of course, is the temperature of freezing water and room temperature.

00:08:07 And if we look at this scale now, you'll see the range that we are talking about, both in centigrade and Fahrenheit.

00:08:16 And, as you know, the metric system is upon us, and pretty soon we're going to do away with the Fahrenheit scale and think only in terms of the centigrade scale.

00:08:26 Just to give us an idea about the ranges we're talking about here, dry ice, solid carbon dioxide, sublimes at minus 78 degrees centigrade.

00:08:35 And liquid oxygen boils at minus 183 degrees.

00:08:40 Liquid nitrogen boils at minus 196 degrees centigrade.

00:08:46 So what we're going to do is dive way down to this low temperature region and see what happens to matter in this environment.

00:08:58 One thing that we want to show you right away is what this liquid nitrogen that I'm talking about looks like.

00:09:08 It's really a liquid.

00:09:11 And as you can see, it dances around.

00:09:15 In fact, it's a pretty good device for dusting the top of the table here.

00:09:21 And so I want to clear the table here, so I'll do that.

00:09:27 It's very cold because, as I mentioned before, it is at a temperature of minus 196 degrees centigrade.

00:09:35 And one thing that we can do is actually have some coffee.

00:09:45 When you have coffee, you've got to boil it, right?

00:09:48 So we'll start boiling off some coffee here.

00:09:52 We'll use as a heat source this ice bath that we have here.

00:09:55 And you see the ice bath is at a warmer temperature than the liquid nitrogen.

00:09:59 You can see that the nitrogen is boiling and we are quite ready to drink our coffee.

00:10:07 Actually, there is another effect that I'd like to show you now, which is...

00:10:18 If I want to help things out a little bit here, I'm just going to heat this a little faster by using this heat source here.

00:10:25 Of course, the nitrogen boils off faster.

00:10:28 In the process of this reaction taking place, we can make some observations about the changes that are taking place in the system.

00:10:36 For one thing, it's getting pretty hot here, so I'm going to take it away from the heat.

00:10:39 And if you look at the bottom of this pot, you see some white material there.

00:10:45 And as students who've had now a semester of chemistry, I'm fairly confident you can tell me what this material is.

00:10:53 Would anyone want to venture a...

00:10:59 It's a white substance, right?

00:11:01 Now just think of what we're doing.

00:11:03 We had some cold liquid nitrogen inside the coffee pot and we supplied it with heat from this burner that has, of course, natural gas as a fuel.

00:11:18 So what is this white stuff that's formed at the bottom here?

00:11:21 What?

00:11:23 Either CO2 or H2O.

00:11:25 Somebody said it's either CO2 or H2O.

00:11:27 Where did the CO2 come from? It is CO2.

00:11:29 Where did the CO2 come from?

00:11:31 Methane burning.

00:11:33 You sound like a TA. Are you a TA?

00:11:37 It's a student. That's very good.

00:11:39 The combustion of methane yields carbon dioxide and water.

00:11:44 And because the liquid nitrogen is at such a low temperature, the nitrogen is in the liquid form.

00:11:48 Then the material that's condensed at the bottom is solid carbon dioxide and, of course, frozen water, which is ice.

00:11:58 You see, this is a way of making solid carbon dioxide.

00:12:01 Actually, it's not a very good way of making solid CO2 because the liquid nitrogen that you have to use is much more expensive than the CO2 that you end up producing.

00:12:12 And, well, we've seen the property of one hydrocarbon, one compound that contains carbon and hydrogen.

00:12:19 What I'd like to do next is show you the properties of other hydrocarbons and how they behave at this low temperature.

00:12:30 What I'm going to do is take some kerosene, which is a hydrocarbon, and pour some into this test tube.

00:12:48 And what I'm going to do is let this kerosene freeze.

00:12:59 So I'm going to put it in this...

00:13:01 Pardon?

00:13:03 Okay, somebody will get it to work fairly quickly.

00:13:12 I can't do it from here, you know that, right?

00:13:14 I'm having enough trouble as it is by myself.

00:13:19 Keep running out of this good stuff here.

00:13:22 There we go.

00:13:24 Okay, we'll let that cool down for a while.

00:13:27 And I'm going to use also the same hydrocarbon we had just looked at.

00:13:33 That is the methane.

00:13:36 The methane.

00:13:39 And I'm going to liquefy the methane by cooling it down to liquid nitrogen temperatures.

00:13:49 And so what I'm going to do is connect this to the gas outlet.

00:13:57 Turn the gas on.

00:13:59 And just let it condense.

00:14:06 Let the gas that I'm bubbling through condense in due time.

00:14:11 And as we're doing that, actually what I really want to do in order to be able to fish it out...

00:14:18 You see some gas is already condensed, you see that?

00:14:21 So I'm going to get rid of this.

00:14:23 Well, I can get rid of it by just letting it sit here and evaporate.

00:14:27 And I'm going to put it in this test tube here.

00:14:30 Because this one has a string on it that I can use to fish it out.

00:14:35 I'm also going to look at another compound, actually everyone's favorite compound.

00:14:42 That's ethyl alcohol.

00:14:45 And to do that...

00:14:50 I need to use this test tube that I was using before.

00:14:54 Just warm it up a little bit here.

00:14:57 It's pretty cold.

00:14:59 And I'll take the alcohol.

00:15:04 You see it's a very useful compound.

00:15:08 It has many uses that I'm sure you're familiar with.

00:15:13 It's used as an antifreeze.

00:15:18 In one form or another.

00:15:21 So we'll...

00:15:27 Let this cool for a while now here.

00:15:31 Let's see, how are we doing here?

00:15:34 Add a little more nitrogen.

00:15:37 Make it go.

00:15:40 Well, there are so many properties that compounds have and we're familiar with them.

00:15:46 For example, one compound that we're going to be talking about in the second semester is rubber.

00:15:55 And here I have a simple rubber ball.

00:15:58 I want you to make sure that it is a rubber ball.

00:16:02 So I'll just throw it out to you and check it out and see.

00:16:05 Is that alright?

00:16:07 Got it, right?

00:16:08 Want to check it on this side here?

00:16:12 Couldn't catch it.

00:16:13 Got it.

00:16:18 Okay.

00:16:20 And what I want to do is see what happens to this rubber ball when I put some liquid nitrogen on it.

00:16:30 As usual, the nitrogen is boiling off because the temperature is much warmer than the boiling point of nitrogen.

00:16:39 And this thing is...

00:16:44 Seems as if it wants to float in nitrogen.

00:16:46 That's because the rate at which the gas is escaping is relatively high.

00:16:51 And it's also pretty cold in there.

00:16:55 So maybe I'll use this thing here.

00:16:58 Let's see what's happening with our...

00:17:02 With these two here.

00:17:03 Well, not much is happening here, so we ought to help it along a little bit.

00:17:13 Okay.

00:17:16 Of course, substances change their properties as you change the temperature.

00:17:23 Substances change their properties as you change the temperature.

00:17:32 Let's see what happens.

00:17:33 It's so cold, I've got to...

00:17:35 Let's see what happens to it.

00:17:40 That's a shattering experience.

00:17:48 If you think that was bad, wait till you hear the rest of this.

00:17:53 Another thing...

00:17:54 Let's see, how are we doing here?

00:17:55 Well, this is beginning to freeze.

00:17:58 This is beginning to freeze.

00:18:00 And how are we doing here?

00:18:02 We're doing fine.

00:18:05 Another property that we want to look at...

00:18:08 ...is one that deals with a compound that we hear a lot about these days,

00:18:21 and a compound that is kind of dangerous,

00:18:27 but if you control the temperature, it's not so dangerous.

00:18:31 That compound is mercury.

00:18:33 What I have here, you see, is a mercury hammer.

00:18:37 And what I'm going to do is find some liquid nitrogen first.

00:18:42 There we go.

00:18:43 I'm going to, again, try to freeze the liquid nitrogen,

00:18:49 defreeze the pieces of rubber that I have in there.

00:18:55 Meanwhile, checking on my two goodies here.

00:19:00 And you see, this is solid mercury here.

00:19:03 And what I'm going to do now is...

00:19:04 I think they're frozen.

00:19:09 I'm going to take these spikes, you see,

00:19:12 and use a mercury hammer to drive them in.

00:19:23 Stuff is cold.

00:19:24 One more.

00:19:27 Of course, the mercury is warming up, and so are the pieces of rubber,

00:19:30 so I'll put the mercury back in the acetone dry ice slush here,

00:19:34 and we can get rid of it.

00:19:37 And let's see what happens to our spikes.

00:19:40 Here's one that I didn't put through.

00:19:42 I'll just leave it, let it sit there.

00:19:44 And as we're waiting for those to warm up a little bit,

00:19:50 let's see what has happened to our alcohol here.

00:19:55 And you see that what we have is some hard liquor.

00:20:11 I told you.

00:20:14 Okay, let's see what's happening over here with this kerosene that we've put in here.

00:20:20 Let's go over and warm up the outside a little bit by just putting some water on it.

00:20:36 And you see what we have is a kerosene candle.

00:20:44 Oh, I know what you're thinking.

00:20:46 Yeah, that's it.

00:20:49 All right, let's see what we can do here with this kerosene candle.

00:21:06 Let's see what's going to happen to it.

00:21:16 Of course, the kerosene is going to melt, as you can see here.

00:21:21 And if one were living in a liquid nitrogen world,

00:21:26 then we would use this kind of candle to supply us with light.

00:21:32 And as you can imagine, if I let this go a little longer,

00:21:35 the kerosene is going to melt and the whole thing is going to catch on fire,

00:21:40 so I'm just going to blow it out now.

00:21:43 And you see our rubber spikes here.

00:21:45 There you go.

00:21:47 Whoops, they're coming out.

00:21:52 If I try to drive them in now, of course I can't.

00:21:55 Okay, we'll get rid of this here and see what's...

00:22:01 Let's see what's happening with the methane here.

00:22:13 You see, we have some liquid methane down there.

00:22:17 I guess I'm not quite ready to get it out yet.

00:22:20 So what I'll do is...

00:22:31 light the burner.

00:22:33 Light the burner.

00:22:40 And I better find my gloves here. Here are my gloves.

00:22:52 They're a little awkward to work with, but they are safer

00:22:58 They are safer in terms of what I'm going to do now.

00:23:06 And you see I have this liquid methane.

00:23:08 I'm going to warm it up now by just holding it up here.

00:23:11 And as it vaporizes, it's going to... Can you see the flame?

00:23:18 Can you see the flame?

00:23:23 You can see the jet. Okay, can you see the jet?

00:23:25 That's the liquid methane vaporizing, coming out through this nozzle.

00:23:29 You can see it's boiling away right there and there.

00:23:35 What's happening is that it's coming out at such a fast rate

00:23:37 that it's putting out the flame.

00:23:39 So we'll just let this go for now.

00:23:44 Luckily, we didn't have any need for these asbestos gloves

00:23:48 because in the past when I've done this,

00:23:50 sometimes the methane boiled over and we had a fire.

00:23:55 So we'll let this go now.

00:24:02 One other thing we can do with liquid nitrogen,

00:24:06 and that is the...

00:24:10 Well, I'll show you.

00:24:12 You take a little liquid nitrogen like so,

00:24:16 put it in a test tube and...

00:24:25 Have a little cannon.

00:24:27 Fire one.

00:24:36 Ready? Stand by.

00:24:46 Let's hit this side. You're making too much noise.

00:24:51 Feeble.

00:24:55 Well, it's getting a little too warm in here,

00:24:57 so I'm going to take a little...

00:25:01 Do a little stripping here.

00:25:05 And...

00:25:16 I'm glad you agree.

00:25:20 Well, one other thing that we're going to do here

00:25:23 is to take this balloon and...

00:25:28 It's just an ordinary balloon.

00:25:30 Of course, it's filled with a gas.

00:25:33 You can tell what the property of the gas is, right?

00:25:36 You can say something like,

00:25:38 well, it's filled with a gas.

00:25:40 It's filled with a gas.

00:25:42 Well, you can tell what the property of the gas is, right?

00:25:45 You can say something about the density of this gas.

00:25:52 I'm glad you agree.

00:25:55 Well, one other thing that we're going to do here

00:25:58 is to take this balloon and...

00:26:03 It's just an ordinary balloon.

00:26:05 Of course, it's filled with a gas.

00:26:08 You can tell what the property of the gas is, right?

00:26:11 You can say something about the density of this gas

00:26:14 just from the fact that it's down here, right?

00:26:17 It's got a density that's what?

00:26:19 Lighter than air or larger than air?

00:26:23 Or equal to air?

00:26:25 It's definitely not lighter than air

00:26:27 because it's not going up.

00:26:29 So let's see what happens to it

00:26:31 when we try to cool it a little bit here.

00:26:35 And you see the balloon collapses,

00:26:38 and it looks like the football I put on the ChemTip surveys.

00:26:43 And I'll just pass it on to you there, okay?

00:26:47 And just let it warm up a little bit there, yeah.

00:26:50 You can pass it back if you want.

00:27:08 Okay.

00:27:18 Okay.

00:27:23 That's a pretty expensive balloon, you know, isn't it?

00:27:29 You know, the...

00:27:31 You know, the situation this year on the athletic fields

00:27:36 has been quite interesting.

00:27:39 In fact, Wisconsin had an excellent football team.

00:27:41 The hockey team is doing well.

00:27:43 And what I thought I would do

00:27:45 is try to salute the athletic teams that we have.

00:27:50 And I'd like to ask the laboratory demonstrators,

00:27:54 the lecture demonstrators, to come out and help me do this.

00:27:57 So would you come out and tell us, please?

00:27:59 APPLAUSE

00:28:16 Hail to the orange!

00:28:19 Hail to the blue!

00:28:21 LAUGHTER

00:28:24 CHEERING AND APPLAUSE

00:28:28 Oh, Bucky.

00:28:30 Hey, fellas.

00:28:44 Bucky?

00:28:48 What do you got here, Bucky?

00:28:50 A hockey stick. Oh, I see.

00:28:52 Bucky, I really intended for them to salute Wisconsin

00:28:56 and not the Illinois colours.

00:28:58 Hail to the orange, hail to the blue is Illinois.

00:29:01 So, fellas, can you redeem yourselves a little bit?

00:29:04 Can you help me out a little bit here before Bucky...

00:29:07 LAUGHTER

00:29:17 I said, can you help out a little bit?

00:29:20 LAUGHTER

00:29:25 I'm sorry, Bucky, I don't have anything to do with this.

00:29:32 LAUGHTER AND APPLAUSE

00:29:37 Bucky, maybe we can do other things to try to make up for this.

00:29:43 That be all right, Bucky? You're such a good sport.

00:29:46 Anything going to happen here, fellas?

00:29:48 No, it doesn't look like it.

00:29:51 Well, one thing we could do, Bucky, is...

00:29:54 You know, when I go to the...

00:29:56 I wish I could say thank you, fellas.

00:29:59 LAUGHTER

00:30:02 I think I'll let you go to your rooms now.

00:30:09 I'm sorry, Bucky, I don't have anything to do with this.

00:30:13 I wish I could say thank you, fellas.

00:30:16 You're such a good sport.

00:30:18 I said, can you help me out a little bit?

00:30:21 Can you redeem yourself a little bit?

00:30:24 Can you help me out a little bit here, fellas?

00:30:27 That be all right, Bucky?

00:30:29 Thank you, fellas.

00:30:31 I'm sorry, Bucky, I don't have anything to do with this.

00:30:35 LAUGHTER

00:30:40 I said, can you help me out a little bit?

00:30:42 I said, thank you, fellas.

00:30:45 So, uh...

00:30:48 I think I'll let you go to your rooms now.

00:30:51 So, uh...

00:30:53 Hey, look, hey, something did happen.

00:30:55 Look at that, Bucky.

00:30:58 Sort of.

00:31:03 Uh, well, what...

00:31:06 There you go. How's that, Bucky?

00:31:09 Right?

00:31:13 Right, there you go.

00:31:15 Okay, you know, Bucky, I've seen you at the football games,

00:31:18 I've seen you at the hockey games.

00:31:20 You know, I always go to these games,

00:31:22 and one thing that, uh...

00:31:25 I do is, uh...

00:31:28 When I go to these games,

00:31:30 I just have a lot of pop over there, you see?

00:31:33 And what we have here is, uh...

00:31:36 BANG!

00:31:38 LAUGHTER

00:31:41 Just a pop bottle, Bucky.

00:31:47 Bucky, I'll tell you what, Bucky.

00:31:50 LAUGHTER

00:31:52 Bucky, I'm gonna try to make you feel at home,

00:31:56 and I'm gonna use another gas here.

00:31:59 Uh...

00:32:01 Actually, this pop here turned off my gas over there.

00:32:06 So let's view this and see what happens here, Bucky.

00:32:15 LAUGHTER

00:32:19 LAUGHTER

00:32:35 Good evening, hockey fans.

00:32:38 LAUGHTER

00:32:49 How's that, Bucky?

00:32:51 No?

00:32:53 Well, I'll tell you what, Bucky.

00:32:55 Nothing is working out right for you.

00:32:57 We have the wrong colours, the colours don't change on time.

00:33:01 What I'm going to do is call for some of my friends to help me out,

00:33:06 and they have done this already

00:33:09 by actually writing a poem for me.

00:33:13 And what I'd like to do is read this poem to you.

00:33:16 I'd like to dedicate this to you, Bucky,

00:33:18 to try to appease you and to make sure

00:33:21 that you are happy with this visit that you've made.

00:33:25 So the poem goes something like this.

00:33:28 Ready, Bucky?

00:33:30 LAUGHTER

00:33:32 I promise you, this will work.

00:33:34 There once was a girl from Nantucket...

00:33:37 LAUGHTER

00:33:41 LAUGHTER

00:33:44 Oh, Bucky, no, Bucky, Bucky.

00:33:46 Somebody slip this into my notes.

00:33:49 LAUGHTER

00:33:52 Let me try again, OK, Bucky?

00:33:55 You're such a good sport, Bucky.

00:33:58 OK.

00:34:00 Once upon a Christmas dreary,

00:34:03 In the lab of Shakashiri,

00:34:05 LAUGHTER

00:34:08 Christmas, you say, and in the lab?

00:34:11 Yeah, I have to pay my bar tab.

00:34:18 You didn't get that, Bucky, no? You don't like that?

00:34:21 Let me go on, Bucky, OK?

00:34:23 I helped write this poem.

00:34:26 But that's not the part that I wrote, OK?

00:34:28 You'll get to the part. We'll get to the part that I wrote.

00:34:31 Ringstands stood in darker gloom,

00:34:34 Scattered widely round the room,

00:34:37 So thin and spare that none

00:34:40 Could match the cedars of Lebanon.

00:34:43 You know, Bucky, I'm from Lebanon originally.

00:34:45 LAUGHTER

00:34:48 No mistletoe there was for kissing.

00:34:51 Even you, the stars, were missing

00:34:54 When suddenly there was a shock.

00:34:56 When suddenly there was a knock.

00:34:58 LAUGHTER

00:35:00 When suddenly there was a knock,

00:35:02 Shiri stood in a state of shock.

00:35:04 LAUGHTER

00:35:06 I didn't write this one either, Bucky.

00:35:09 Out from the hood jumped Santa Claus,

00:35:12 Holding one or three books in his paws.

00:35:15 LAUGHTER

00:35:17 Your lecturer enjoyed the glow

00:35:20 Of the complete combustion of Drago.

00:35:23 LAUGHTER

00:35:25 APPLAUSE

00:35:30 I wrote this part, Bucky.

00:35:32 Santa started to do some flips

00:35:35 When he heard about chemtips.

00:35:37 LAUGHTER

00:35:39 Then he shrieked,

00:35:41 From my helper, keep abreast.

00:35:43 She's not taking her hourly test.

00:35:46 Keep your hands off my sweet blonde.

00:35:49 I know about your covalent bond.

00:35:51 LAUGHTER

00:35:53 APPLAUSE

00:35:59 He was being completely unfair.

00:36:01 As a Lewis acid,

00:36:03 All I wanted was a pair.

00:36:05 LAUGHTER

00:36:12 Santa, while he could,

00:36:14 Started leaving through the hood.

00:36:17 LAUGHTER

00:36:19 He disappeared with fan and fare,

00:36:22 And shock of Shiri standing there,

00:36:24 So an end point in the air.

00:36:26 That's it, Bucky.

00:36:28 You like that poem, Bucky?

00:36:30 You like it, huh? Is it good?

00:36:33 Well, I just wanted to try to make up

00:36:35 For the kinds of things that, you know,

00:36:37 Went wrong here.

00:36:39 And I wanted you to feel at home, you know,

00:36:41 With all the chants that you go through

00:36:43 At the hockey games and so on.

00:36:46 APPLAUSE

00:36:54 Wow, that wasn't very nice, Bucky, was it?

00:36:57 LAUGHTER

00:36:59 I'll tell you what, Bucky.

00:37:01 I've been doing some demonstrations

00:37:03 With liquid nitrogen here.

00:37:05 Let me do one for you here.

00:37:07 Maybe this will make up

00:37:09 For all the things that have happened so far.

00:37:13 Of course, I need a little more liquid nitrogen here,

00:37:15 So I've got it...

00:37:17 LAUGHTER

00:37:19 When you're around, Bucky,

00:37:21 We go big, you know, big style.

00:37:23 LAUGHTER

00:37:32 You're not grading me on my technique, Bucky, are you?

00:37:36 You are.

00:37:38 What I'd like to show you, Bucky,

00:37:40 Is the effect of...

00:37:42 LAUGHTER

00:37:47 Wow, that wasn't very nice, Bucky, was it?

00:37:50 LAUGHTER

00:37:52 I'll tell you what, Bucky.

00:37:54 I've been doing some demonstrations

00:37:56 With liquid nitrogen here.

00:37:58 Let me do one for you here.

00:38:00 Maybe this will make up

00:38:02 For all the things that have happened so far.

00:38:06 Of course, I need a little more liquid nitrogen here,

00:38:08 So I've got it...

00:38:10 LAUGHTER

00:38:12 When you're around, Bucky,

00:38:14 We go big, you know, big style.

00:38:16 LAUGHTER

00:38:24 LAUGHTER

00:38:26 You're not grading me on my technique, Bucky, are you?

00:38:29 You are.

00:38:31 What I'd like to show you, Bucky,

00:38:33 Is the effect of liquid nitrogen

00:38:35 On different forms of life.

00:38:37 And here I have some...

00:38:39 Some pretty red roses.

00:38:41 And what I'd like to do

00:38:43 Is show you what happens

00:38:45 To the red rose

00:38:47 When I put some liquid nitrogen on it.

00:38:54 Are you watching carefully, Bucky?

00:38:58 And you see the color remains the same.

00:39:01 And it's still a pretty rose.

00:39:04 As you know, Bucky,

00:39:06 In the freshman chemistry office,

00:39:08 We've had a new secretary this year.

00:39:10 And as a token of appreciation

00:39:12 For what she's done,

00:39:14 I would like to present her with this rose.

00:39:16 Is that okay, Bucky?

00:39:18 And you know,

00:39:20 This illustrious secretary of ours

00:39:22 Has a lot of experience

00:39:24 And you know,

00:39:26 This illustrious secretary of ours

00:39:28 Got engaged recently

00:39:30 And so what I'd like to do

00:39:32 Is present her with this rose.

00:39:34 Where is Kay?

00:39:36 Here she is.

00:39:38 Here you go, Kay.

00:39:40 LAUGHTER

00:39:42 Actually, she really is

00:39:44 A marvelous secretary

00:39:46 And I wish you good luck.

00:39:48 Now you're engaged

00:39:50 And here's a real rose for you.

00:39:53 Bucky, you've been such a good sport yourself.

00:39:56 You even deserve a rose yourself.

00:39:58 Have a nice holiday season.

00:40:00 Good luck on your finals.

00:40:02 And, uh...

00:40:04 Uh...

00:40:06 Yeah?

00:40:08 Aww.

00:40:10 Isn't that sweet?

00:40:12 Thank you, Bucky.

00:40:14 Thank you.

00:40:16 APPLAUSE

00:40:23 Well, what I'd like to do now

00:40:26 Is continue with the...

00:40:28 Showing you the effect

00:40:30 Of the cold temperature

00:40:32 The liquid nitrogen

00:40:34 On the different forms

00:40:36 Of life

00:40:38 And what I have here

00:40:40 Is, as you can see,

00:40:42 Some grapes

00:40:44 And what we'll do is

00:40:46 Give them the usual treatment.

00:40:48 LAUGHTER

00:40:52 And, uh...

00:40:54 They're...

00:40:56 Getting rather stiff.

00:40:58 LAUGHTER

00:41:00 In fact, the whole thing

00:41:02 Is pretty cold.

00:41:04 So let's see what happens

00:41:06 If we pour them out.

00:41:08 For one thing, they get to be very hard,

00:41:10 As you can see here.

00:41:12 I'll just throw them to you.

00:41:14 Don't eat them now.

00:41:16 Don't eat them.

00:41:18 LAUGHTER

00:41:21 Ready all the way in the back?

00:41:23 LAUGHTER

00:41:31 Want to see a sky...

00:41:33 What's it called?

00:41:35 Skyhawk, all right.

00:41:37 There you go.

00:41:43 There's some more for you over here.

00:41:45 Some more for you over here.

00:41:47 Well, we can do lots of things with, uh...

00:41:49 LAUGHTER

00:41:56 Stinks.

00:42:00 We can do lots of other things

00:42:02 With liquid nitrogen

00:42:04 By way of cooking.

00:42:06 And, uh...

00:42:08 For example, we're going to have

00:42:10 A three-minute egg here now.

00:42:12 See, this is an honest-to-goodness egg.

00:42:14 We'll put it rather carefully in this beaker here.

00:42:16 And, uh...

00:42:18 We'll give it the usual treatment.

00:42:22 All right, we're going to have a three-minute egg

00:42:24 That, uh...

00:42:28 In a short while here.

00:42:30 Um...

00:42:32 Whoops, I keep forgetting

00:42:34 I've stopped the stove.

00:42:38 Let this cook like that.

00:42:40 Whoops.

00:42:49 You think it's ready now?

00:42:56 Let's see what we have now

00:42:58 As a hard-boiled egg.

00:43:00 Whoops.

00:43:02 LAUGHTER

00:43:12 It looks to me like the eggs

00:43:14 You have in the dorm.

00:43:19 Boy.

00:43:25 Gosh, we'll try again.

00:43:27 Here's another one.

00:43:29 Let's try this one again here.

00:43:31 And, uh...

00:43:35 We'll let this one really cook

00:43:37 For three minutes, okay?

00:43:39 That wasn't a three-minute egg, was it?

00:43:44 Yeah, still in there.

00:43:49 So, we'll let this one go

00:43:51 And, uh...

00:43:53 As it's cooking

00:43:55 We'll try to look at the effect

00:43:57 Of liquid nitrogen

00:43:59 On other forms of life.

00:44:01 And, uh...

00:44:03 This morning, uh...

00:44:05 One of the graduate students here and I

00:44:07 Went down to City Pond

00:44:09 Actually, uh...

00:44:11 Lloyd Williams is his name

00:44:13 He and I went down to the City Pond

00:44:15 And, uh...

00:44:17 Here's what we got.

00:44:19 Come on, little fella, come on.

00:44:21 Come on, come on.

00:44:23 Come on, fella, come on.

00:44:30 Come on, come on, little fella.

00:44:40 And here he is.

00:44:47 Oh!

00:44:53 So, what we're gonna do

00:44:55 Is try to cook this little fella.

00:44:59 And we'll give him again

00:45:01 The usual treatment.

00:45:06 And as he cooks away

00:45:08 You see liquid boils off.

00:45:12 And what's happening to our egg here?

00:45:14 You think it's ready now?

00:45:16 Huh?

00:45:18 One more minute? Oh, okay.

00:45:20 All right, let's let that go.

00:45:22 How about this fella here?

00:45:24 How's he doing?

00:45:26 He's, uh...

00:45:28 Doing all right.

00:45:30 Oops, it's pretty.

00:45:34 Give him again the usual treatment.

00:45:40 And as he cooks away

00:45:42 You see liquid boils off.

00:45:46 And what's happening to our egg here?

00:45:50 You think it's ready now?

00:45:52 Huh?

00:45:54 One more minute? Oh, okay.

00:45:56 All right, let's let that go.

00:45:58 How about this fella here?

00:46:00 How's he doing?

00:46:02 He's, uh...

00:46:04 Doing all right.

00:46:06 Oops, it's pretty.

00:46:12 Okay, let's see what's happening with this egg now, all right?

00:46:16 For one thing, it's stuck down there.

00:46:20 All right, you.

00:46:24 And you see it, I heated it too long

00:46:26 It cracked.

00:46:30 And that's what happens to the egg

00:46:32 When you cook it in liquid nitrogen.

00:46:34 And, uh...

00:46:36 Let's see what's happening to this fella here.

00:46:42 Let's see what's happening to him here.

00:46:48 Well, half of him is cooked anyway, and...

00:46:50 Doggone!

00:47:02 I told you, wait till the end

00:47:04 Things will get better.

00:47:08 What I'd like to, uh...

00:47:10 To do now is, uh...

00:47:12 Show you the difference, uh...

00:47:14 In, uh...

00:47:16 In properties between liquid nitrogen

00:47:18 And liquid oxygen.

00:47:20 So far, we've talked about

00:47:22 Liquid nitrogen a great deal, and

00:47:24 As you know, liquid oxygen has a

00:47:26 Boiling point very close to that of

00:47:28 Liquid nitrogen.

00:47:30 For one thing, liquid oxygen is a

00:47:32 Blue substance.

00:47:34 And what I have here is some

00:47:36 Liquid oxygen.

00:47:40 I don't know if you can see that it's, uh...

00:47:42 Blue.

00:47:44 But the, uh...

00:47:46 What I'm going to do is, uh...

00:47:48 Is go through

00:47:50 The, uh...

00:47:52 A demonstration to show you that the properties

00:47:54 Of liquid nitrogen and those of liquid oxygen

00:47:56 Are different.

00:47:58 What I have here is a very strong

00:48:00 Magnet, and, uh...

00:48:02 If I pour liquid nitrogen

00:48:04 In between the two poles of the magnet

00:48:06 You see the nitrogen just runs through

00:48:08 And nothing happens to it.

00:48:10 But if I take some liquid, uh...

00:48:12 Oxygen

00:48:14 And I pour that down

00:48:18 You see what happens to the, uh...

00:48:20 Oxygen. The oxygen being a

00:48:22 Paramagnetic, uh...

00:48:24 Substance, uh...

00:48:26 Then is, uh...

00:48:28 In between the, uh...

00:48:30 The two poles, and there you see the

00:48:32 Liquid oxygen

00:48:34 As it boils away, being held between

00:48:36 The two poles of this magnet.

00:48:38 And as it boils away, then, we don't have any

00:48:40 Oxygen anymore. Just to show you the difference

00:48:42 Between the nitrogen, let me

00:48:44 Add some nitrogen here, and you see

00:48:46 Nothing happens there.

00:48:48 Well, uh...

00:48:50 Liquid oxygen, uh...

00:48:52 Has a number of, uh...

00:48:54 Useful properties. It's used as a fuel

00:48:56 As you know, in, uh...

00:48:58 In, uh...

00:49:00 It's a rocket propellant.

00:49:02 But I have a different use for it.

00:49:04 Every, uh...

00:49:06 Every, uh...

00:49:08 Wednesday afternoon, after I get done

00:49:10 With the lecture here, and

00:49:12 After I look at your ChemTips

00:49:14 Results, I want to go home

00:49:16 And relax. And what I do

00:49:18 Then is, uh...

00:49:20 I have, uh...

00:49:22 Usually a cigarette or a cigar

00:49:24 And I have a liquid oxygen cocktail.

00:49:26 And, uh...

00:49:28 That's what I'd like to, uh...

00:49:30 Do right now

00:49:32 Because I'm getting a little tired

00:49:34 From having all these things go wrong.

00:49:42 So I'll just, uh...

00:49:46 Relax for a while, and, uh...

00:49:48 Part of the relaxation, of course,

00:49:50 Involves having a cocktail, right?

00:49:52 And, uh...

00:49:54 So what I will do is just have a

00:49:56 Liquid oxygen cocktail.

00:49:58 Cheers!

00:50:02 ...

00:50:04 ...

00:50:06 ...

00:50:08 ...

00:50:10 ...

00:50:12 ...

00:50:14 ...

00:50:16 ...

00:50:18 ...

00:50:20 ...

00:50:22 ...

00:50:24 ...

00:50:26 Now...

00:50:28 The concentration of oxygen here

00:50:30 Is approximately 700 times

00:50:32 The concentration that we have

00:50:34 In the air, and you see

00:50:36 One can use this concentration

00:50:38 To, when I get done with my

00:50:40 Cigarette, is just, uh...

00:50:42 Burn off all the ashes

00:50:44 Like this, and, uh...

00:50:46 Everything goes into the

00:50:48 Gaseous phase, and there's nothing left over

00:50:50 To, uh...

00:50:52 To be picked up.

00:50:54 Now, uh...

00:50:56 Still going away...

00:50:58 The, uh...

00:51:00 Season that's coming

00:51:02 Upon us, as you know, is the holiday season

00:51:04 And I'd like to ask

00:51:06 Our lecture

00:51:08 Demonstrators to come out again

00:51:10 And salute the holiday season

00:51:12 For us, and I'd like to ask Tally

00:51:14 To come out

00:51:16 And, uh...

00:51:18 Do, uh...

00:51:20 Well, Mr. Tally Farrell.

00:51:22 May I have the phenophail again?

00:51:24 Certainly.

00:51:26 Thank you.

00:51:30 Let's see, where is it?

00:51:32 I would just like to show you

00:51:34 How we produce Christmas colors

00:51:36 Back in the lab, and, uh...

00:51:38 We do this by indicators

00:51:40 And acids and bases

00:51:42 If we can find them

00:51:44 Here they are

00:51:46 Now if I can find something

00:51:48 With a base in it

00:51:50 Oh, there

00:51:52 This is a very dangerous experiment

00:51:54 I should have my glasses on, huh?

00:51:56 Thank you.

00:51:58 In order to be compatible

00:52:00 With the rest of the experiment

00:52:02 I have more...

00:52:04 Uh...

00:52:34 Encore, encore!

00:52:36 I...

00:52:38 I expected that.

00:52:50 Thank you, Tally.

00:53:04 I...

00:53:06 I'd like to thank all the people

00:53:08 Who have helped make this semester

00:53:10 A successful semester

00:53:12 And I'd like to, uh...

00:53:16 I'd like to thank the people

00:53:18 From the telecommunications center

00:53:20 I'd like to thank Vince

00:53:22 And Bill and Tally and Glenn

00:53:24 And Pat and Kay

00:53:26 And most of all, I'd like to thank

00:53:28 The students in this course

00:53:30 For really making this

00:53:32 A most enjoyable semester for me.

00:53:34 Happy holidays.

00:54:02 Thank you.