00:00:00 It's December 6th. We're in Stockholm, Sweden. Richard and Maddie Ernst have just arrived.

00:00:29 They came to the Nobel celebration. We invited them to our hotel room for dinner. We were planning to have dinner in the dining room, but it was full. We're celebrating the Nobel Prize won by Richard, as they say in Swedish, skål.

00:00:57 Yesterday I visited Stockholm University with Professor Josef Koaleski. He was one that helped make the chart for the Royal Swedish Academy of Science that describes the work in chemistry. Richard had not seen the chart before.

00:01:28 On Saturday, December 7th, there was a press conference at the Swedish Academy of Science of the Nobel Prize winners in physics, chemistry, and economics.

00:01:44 The Nobel Prize winner in physics, Pierre Digene. Nobel Prize winner in chemistry, Richard Ernst. Nobel Prize winner in economics, Ronald Coase.

00:02:01 Now I'll describe some of the work he did that led to his Nobel Prize in chemistry.

00:02:31 It deals with nuclear magnetic resonance. Nuclear magnetic resonance is a technique with which one can investigate all different types of materials, whether they are alive or dead.

00:02:49 It doesn't really matter. One can determine molecular structure of small molecules, of large molecules, for chemists in chemical research, for biologists who would like to understand physiological processes.

00:03:06 And finally, one can take this nuclear magnetic resonance, also images, images through, say, the human body.

00:03:14 And if you are particularly interested in seeing what's inside of the head of a Nobel Prize winner, then you see here the inside of my water-filled head, because all that is white here is essentially water coming in.

00:03:31 It's not very impressive. I'm sorry for that.

00:03:37 I mean, we didn't invent nuclear magnetic resonance. Nuclear magnetic resonance was invented about 1946 by actually another Swiss, Felix Bloch, together with Edward Purcell, one at Stanford, one at Harvard.

00:03:56 And what we have done, we just improved the technique to such an extent that it actually could be used for complicated systems in a reasonable amount of time.

00:04:06 And what we have essentially introduced is the simultaneous data acquisition instead of recording one element after another.

00:04:17 And this means so-called Fourier techniques.

00:04:20 These Fourier techniques, they are variously revolutionized nuclear magnetic resonance in chemistry, in biology, in medicine.

00:04:29 And that's essentially our contribution.

00:04:32 I mean, I could go into more detail to explain that, but I think at this moment I leave it at this statement.

00:04:39 Dr. Porter asked Dr. Degene about how do you get students to be more creative?

00:04:49 No, but in our country, perhaps, we have a very formal education with very stiff teachers.

00:04:56 And this is clearly negative at many stages.

00:05:01 The net result is that when our poor children have been through 12 years or so of high school, elementary school, and high school, they are rather exhausted.

00:05:11 It's better we have a prepped ecology system, which is even worse.

00:05:15 At the end of that, they are really exhausted and they don't like to work.

00:05:20 This, to me, seems very different from the American system.

00:05:23 One might say a little schematization of high school is nonexistent.

00:05:27 But after that, there is a rapid rise.

00:05:30 And if you come to graduate students, you see them working day and night.

00:05:34 I'm very impressed at an American university.

00:05:37 If I come back at midnight for some reason, I see this library, which is really thriving with people.

00:05:43 I see the labs in full activity.

00:05:46 This is something which we miss because our educational system is too stiff and stuff.

00:05:53 The same negative comments as Sierre Deschenes about the French system, about the Swiss schooling system.

00:05:59 And our students are sitting about 18 years in lecture rooms.

00:06:05 And sometimes I'm astonished that creativity survives this process.

00:06:10 But I mean, the better ones, really, they stay creative.

00:06:14 And I think creativity doesn't come from learning.

00:06:17 Creativity comes from doing.

00:06:19 You have to work on a project which you are interested in.

00:06:22 It doesn't really matter what.

00:06:24 And then you get new ideas.

00:06:26 But you have to do really down-to-earth work.

00:06:29 And then suddenly your mind opens and you get new ideas.

00:06:35 So it's very important to have the students work on projects as soon as possible.

00:06:41 And I think that's a way how to stimulate creativity.

00:06:45 Of course, you need an environment for creativity.

00:06:47 You need means.

00:06:49 But you don't have to have too many means.

00:06:51 If you have too many means, then creativity goes down again.

00:06:55 And I was working for five years at the Bavarian in Palo Alto when I was young.

00:07:02 And there we had a research director.

00:07:04 And he said that the scientists have to be reasonably unhappy to be creative.

00:07:09 Reasonably unhappy.

00:07:11 So there is somewhere a sudden equilibrium which has to be maintained.

00:07:16 Not too many goods and not too less.

00:07:20 Also...

00:07:22 Deficient.

00:07:26 In some way I survived, yeah.

00:07:33 I think it's easier to be creative in Chicago than in California, for example.

00:07:38 The climate is so bad.

00:07:41 It's so good in California.

00:07:47 Do you have a question?

00:07:48 Yes.

00:07:49 I have a question to you, Dr. Ernst.

00:07:51 Normally, I'm trying to get contact with the prize winners immediately after the decisions are taken in this room.

00:07:59 In here.

00:08:01 By telephone, which I normally don't do.

00:08:04 But concerning you, I just got your...

00:08:06 I got your wife and she said, no, this is impossible.

00:08:09 Dr. Ernst is somewhere in the air on his way to New York.

00:08:13 I would like to know, how did you get the message?

00:08:20 Yeah, I was on a flight from Moscow to New York.

00:08:24 We had a delay about two hours.

00:08:27 And we just passed above Stockholm at two o'clock when the decision was made in here.

00:08:34 And of course it took about one and a half hours before they found the plane.

00:08:39 We were somewhere off the North Sea.

00:08:42 And the captain came to me and he asked...

00:08:45 He told me that I got the prize.

00:08:48 And by chance, it's a Nobel Prize.

00:08:54 And of course I was very astonished and very pleased at the same time.

00:09:00 There was just a movie running at this time in the plane.

00:09:03 And as there are no commercials in airplanes, I mean, they couldn't interrupt the movie.

00:09:10 So my colleagues around, they didn't know anything about it.

00:09:14 And the crew, they were not allowed to drink champagne.

00:09:18 So it was relatively dry.

00:09:23 I happened to go into the cockpit and I talked with my friends in Zurich.

00:09:28 They had in the meantime organized a party.

00:09:31 And I took part through the phone.

00:09:36 And yeah, that's how it went.

00:09:41 In the adjacent room, we had a reception.

00:09:45 This room was obviously used for important occasions like receptions.

00:09:51 With all of the pictures of famous people from around the world hanging on the wall.

00:09:59 Here we see Maddy Ernst.

00:10:05 And we have Professor Forsson, Lund University,

00:10:09 who is one of the people that actually helped choose the Nobel Prize winner in chemistry.

00:10:21 Professor Forsson is chatting with Jeanette.

00:10:26 On Sunday, December 8th, we were driven to the Swiss Embassy for a reception

00:10:31 given for the Swiss Nobel laureate Richard Ernst.

00:10:35 Also in attendance were three former Nobel laureates, all from Switzerland.

00:10:44 The first that we're meeting right now is Alexander Muller,

00:10:50 who shared the 1987 prize in physics with George Benoit

00:10:55 for their breakthrough in high temperature superconductors.

00:11:02 We're now meeting Heinrich Rohrer,

00:11:06 who shared the 1986 Nobel prize in physics with Greg Benig

00:11:11 for their design of the Scanlon tunneling microscope.

00:11:22 On Monday, December 9th, lectures were given by the Swiss laureate in physics,

00:11:30 Pierre de Gennes, and the chemistry laureate, Richard Ernst.

00:11:38 These lectures were held at the Royal Swedish Academy of Science.

00:11:44 This is Pierre de Gennes.

00:11:52 We now have Professor Richard Ernst being introduced for his speech.

00:12:01 He worked with Dr. Wes Anderson and discovered Fourier transform.

00:12:09 This meant that you now could run carbon-13 NMR spectra

00:12:15 on naturally occurring organic compounds,

00:12:17 which we in the 60s considered such a fantastic development.

00:12:22 It's certainly not easy to give a lecture after Pierre de Gennes

00:12:26 having explained so many essentials of physics, chemistry, and biology

00:12:32 in his brilliant manner.

00:12:35 It would be easy for me to spend essentially all my time

00:12:40 just on acknowledgements here.

00:12:43 Point by point through the spectrum,

00:12:46 varying the frequency of the transmitter and the receiver simultaneously,

00:12:51 and measuring in a tedious process a spectrum.

00:12:56 You saw that the interactions in energies are extremely weak,

00:12:59 and this means also that the signal-to-noise ratio of magnetic resonance

00:13:03 is normally very low, so that these signals are normally buried in noise

00:13:08 and hardly visible, and the question is how to improve that.

00:13:11 In 1963, as you have heard, I went to Varian Associates in Palo Alto,

00:13:16 and I had there a boss, Wes Anderson.

00:13:21 He's just sitting in front of me.

00:13:24 He was working on that problem at that time,

00:13:28 and he invented the so-called wheel at that time,

00:13:31 which was nothing else than a multichannel spectrometer

00:13:35 where instead of recording each color separately,

00:13:38 they recorded simultaneously with several transmitters and several receivers

00:13:44 at least several points of the spectrum.

00:13:47 This shortened performance time,

00:13:50 but obviously if you think about that,

00:13:53 increased the price of the spectrometer to such an extent

00:13:57 that nobody would buy it anymore,

00:14:00 and one had to look for other ways to realize this concept

00:14:04 of simultaneous data acquisition of an entire spectrum,

00:14:08 and Wes Anderson already had the idea in his head at that time,

00:14:12 and I just tried it out in practice.

00:14:16 Next slide, please.

00:14:19 Yeah, this is Wes Anderson.

00:14:21 Most of you will see him just from the back.

00:14:24 Here you see him also.

00:14:32 Now, there are various possibilities to make a practical multichannel experiment.

00:14:38 One has to have, first of all, just a multi-frequency source,

00:14:42 a broadband frequency source,

00:14:44 and this can be done either by a radio frequency pulse

00:14:47 which contains all the various frequencies

00:14:50 and allows them to excite all the resonances at once,

00:14:53 or another possibility is to use stochastic random noise excitation

00:14:57 which also leads to a broadband excitation of an entire spectrum,

00:15:01 or finally, it's also possible just to very rapidly sweep through a spectrum like that

00:15:07 in order to more or less simultaneously record all the information.

00:15:13 We decided at that point for the pulse excitation

00:15:18 which led to the most universal technique of all these three.

00:15:24 And on the next slide,

00:15:27 you'll see just two ways of acquiring a spectrum.

00:15:32 CW excitation measuring the transfer function of a system here,

00:15:39 directly recording the spectrum,

00:15:41 or measuring the impulse response,

00:15:44 applying a delta function pulse to a spin system,

00:15:47 and obtaining here the impulse response signal

00:15:50 which is known to be the Fourier transform of the spectrum.

00:15:53 So here, a computer is necessary to transform the information

00:15:57 from the free induction decay to the spectrum.

00:16:00 December 10th, the big day of the Nobel celebration.

00:16:06 The Nobel ceremonies were held at the Globe Arena

00:16:10 with about 5,000 attending, although the arena holds about 20,000.

00:16:17 Here we see the Ernst family, Maddy, the two daughters, and their son.

00:16:23 This year is a jubilee year, 90 years since the first prize was given,

00:16:49 and all living Nobel laureates were invited, and about 200 attended.

00:16:55 They are marching to their places in the front.

00:17:19 There's Art Shallow.

00:17:43 The attendees could either come in their academic robes,

00:17:46 or they could wear tails like the rest of us.

00:17:49 They had their choice.

00:17:50 So you see quite a few varieties of academic costumes.

00:18:01 Enter the king and the queen.

00:18:07 Notice the diamond sparkle in the queen's tiara.

00:18:32 And now we have the Nobel laureates entering,

00:18:36 starting with Pierre Dejean and Richard Ernst following,

00:18:41 and the two from Physiology.

00:18:59 I almost missed Nadine Gordimer there.

00:19:01 It was so short.

00:19:02 Let's go back and see if we can catch her.

00:19:04 There she is.

00:19:06 I peeked over her head, and the last one was Ronald Coase.

00:19:29 We had a number of musical selections among this one by Curie-Quinoa.

00:19:53 Here we have Dejean getting his prize from the king.

00:20:20 Professor Ernst, you have played a leading role

00:20:24 in several of the most significant methodological developments

00:20:28 that have taken place in the field of anamask microscopy

00:20:31 for the last two decades,

00:20:34 developments that have had a lasting impact

00:20:36 on the way modern chemistry is conducted.

00:20:40 You have, in an admirable way,

00:20:43 combined excellent experimental know-how

00:20:46 with extraordinary theoretical insight.

00:20:49 In recognition of your services to chemistry

00:20:52 and to natural sciences as a whole,

00:20:54 the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences

00:20:57 has decided to confer upon you

00:20:59 this year's Nobel Prize for Chemistry.

00:21:03 Professor Ernst,

00:21:05 I have been granted the privilege

00:21:07 to convey to you all the congratulations from the Academy,

00:21:11 and I now invite you to receive your prize

00:21:14 on behalf of the Academy.

00:21:44 Thank you.

00:21:51 Musical selections were given between each of the awards.

00:22:06 Erwin Neher of Germany

00:22:09 was one of the Nobel Prize winners

00:22:12 for his work with Bert Sackmann

00:22:15 concerning the function of single ion channels in cells.

00:22:20 This is Erwin Neher.

00:22:26 And Bert Sackmann.

00:22:40 Nadine Gordimer of South Africa,

00:22:45 the Nobel Prize in Literature.

00:23:01 The Nobel Prize in Literature won by Fama-Coase.

00:23:27 This last piece was a bit strange.

00:23:30 It had both auditory and visual effects

00:23:33 associated with it.

00:24:03 There seems to be a slight problem.

00:24:08 It says French expert,

00:24:11 molecular or something or other chemistry

00:24:13 gets the Nobel Prize.

00:24:21 There is quite a wind-up in getting this piece over.

00:24:50 Well, the ceremonies are over.

00:25:21 As we're going to the city hall

00:25:25 where the dinner was held,

00:25:27 we pass this demonstration by Amnesty International

00:25:31 concerning the fact that

00:25:34 Aung San Kyi of Burma

00:25:37 was not permitted to attend by her government.

00:25:40 She had won the Nobel Prize in Peace.

00:26:10 She had won the Nobel Prize in Peace.

00:26:39 She had won the Nobel Prize in Peace.

00:27:09 Each course before it was served

00:27:30 had a symbol or preamble

00:27:33 that somehow represented

00:27:37 the course in some way.

00:27:41 Here before the first course,

00:27:45 which was Meval Siu,

00:27:47 we see the preamble

00:27:49 coming down the stairs.

00:28:06 Here comes the soup.

00:28:33 All tables were served simultaneously.

00:28:36 It's about one waiter for every six or eight people.

00:29:03 That was quite an experience.

00:29:05 It was very interesting.

00:29:07 Not for many years.

00:29:08 I went when I was a student.

00:29:10 I did several times.

00:29:12 Since I had children,

00:29:13 I've been here all the time.

00:29:16 The second course was fish.

00:29:18 I guess we see that fish

00:29:20 swimming down there.

00:29:21 It looks like a snake.

00:30:15 Here you can see the fish,

00:30:34 and you can see we have

00:30:35 quite an array of glasses before us.

00:30:38 It was very fine chinaware as well.

00:30:41 Here comes the sauce for the fish.

00:30:44 Here's roast duck.

00:30:47 The preamble for that I did not get.

00:30:49 It was fireworks,

00:30:50 as might be appropriate

00:30:52 for ducks shot out of the sky.

00:31:01 Again, our waiters.

00:31:13 Here we see the duck and the mixed vegetables

00:31:17 get a shot down the table.

00:31:33 Here we see the queen and her guest.

00:31:59 Here's Richard, Ernst, and his guest.

00:32:16 Now we have the preamble for the dessert.

00:32:19 The dessert was an ice cream bomb,

00:32:23 as it's called.

00:32:25 These lights and leaves and flowers

00:32:28 are part of the preamble.

00:32:48 You get a better shot of the dessert here.

00:32:54 It's ice cream covered with a layer of frosting,

00:32:58 and in the center is a decorative candle,

00:33:01 which is lit.

00:33:31 Here's Richard, Ernst, and his guest.

00:33:59 Here's Richard, Ernst, and his guest.

00:34:27 Here's Richard, Ernst, and his guest.

00:34:42 Your Majesties, Your Royal Highnesses,

00:34:45 Your Excellencies, fellow laureates,

00:34:49 ladies and gentlemen.

00:34:51 When the six-year-old daughter of a friend of mine

00:34:54 overheard her father telling someone

00:34:57 that I'd been awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature,

00:35:01 the child asked whether I'd ever received it before.

00:35:06 And the father replied that the prize

00:35:09 was something you could get only once.

00:35:13 Whereupon the small girl thought a moment,

00:35:16 And then she said,

00:35:17 Oh, so it's like chickenpox.

00:35:28 A revelation of good teachers.

00:35:31 We were fortunate that we focused our attention

00:35:35 on the right thing at the right time.

00:35:38 And we were simply lucky that many things

00:35:41 that we tried in terms of new techniques worked.

00:35:45 Your Royal Highnesses, ladies and gentlemen,

00:35:51 it's indeed a great moment for me to stand

00:35:55 where I am standing to express my deep gratitude

00:35:59 to the Nobel Foundation for this extraordinary honor.

00:36:04 Obviously, most of the glory should fall

00:36:09 on those standing behind me,

00:36:12 my teachers, my colleagues, my co-workers,

00:36:16 my school, my 700-year-old country,

00:36:21 those whom I represent here as their scientific spokesmen.

00:36:28 The presence of all the former Nobel laureates

00:36:33 gives me a feeling of being carried

00:36:36 by a swarm of wild geese,

00:36:39 some real high-flyers,

00:36:42 like in Niels Holgersson,

00:36:44 and I'm somewhat afraid of falling down.

00:36:49 Science prizes have a tendency to distort science history.

00:36:54 Individuals are seen out and glorified

00:36:58 that should rather be seen embedded

00:37:01 in the context of the historic development.

00:37:05 Much luck and coincidence is needed

00:37:08 to be successful and to be selected.

00:37:11 Prizes can hardly do justice to those brave men and women

00:37:16 who devote in an unselfish way their efforts and energy

00:37:21 towards a goal that is finally reached by others.

00:37:25 True, science prizes are extremely important

00:37:30 for maintaining the esteem for science.

00:37:34 To motivate young people to follow the footsteps

00:37:38 of scientists who provide the foundation of our society,

00:37:43 who show ways how to solve the problems

00:37:46 into which mankind seems to be running,

00:37:50 especially if we allow for further unlimited growth

00:37:54 of the most destructive

00:37:57 but also most remarkable living species on Earth.

00:38:03 Scientific endeavors with their positive and negative aspects

00:38:08 are an integral part of human nature.

00:38:11 We are forced to live with them whether we want or not

00:38:16 and try to make the best out of it.

00:38:19 But we have also to accept the concerns of those

00:38:23 who rather see the threatening aspects of science

00:38:27 that merely put into evidence

00:38:29 the threatening side of the human nature.

00:38:32 I am one of the very fortunate scientists

00:38:35 who have achieved what many claim to be the ultimate form of recognition

00:38:40 or even some ultimate form of happiness

00:38:43 in this exuberant, splendid, almost unearthly setting.

00:38:48 However, I think more important is the responsibility

00:38:53 that is being loaded on the shoulders of the laureates

00:38:57 who are supposed to suddenly behave like unfailing sages

00:39:01 although they might have been just work addicts in the past.

00:39:06 The sometimes disproportionate importance

00:39:12 that is attributed to the Nobel Prize

00:39:15 is reflected also in disproportionate expectations from the public.

00:39:20 Recently, I got a set of letters

00:39:23 written by schoolchildren from Bedford, Massachusetts

00:39:29 and one of them begging me to work hard

00:39:32 towards an artificial ozone layer to protect life on Earth.

00:39:37 I hope that I can live up to a few of these very high expectations

00:39:43 and I ask you already now for indulgence in your future judgments.

00:39:49 With this hope, I like to close

00:39:52 and to thank you for your very kind attention.

00:39:56 Ladies and gentlemen,

00:40:01 this is the first and probably the last time in my life

00:40:05 where I have dinner with a queen and with princesses around me.

00:40:09 I am terrified.

00:40:11 I think that when the chimes of midnight will come,

00:40:14 I will turn into a pumpkin.

00:40:18 It is with pleasure that I introduce to you

00:40:21 the Nobel Laureate in Economics, Professor Ronald Coase.

00:40:27 Your Majesties,

00:40:30 your Royal Highnesses,

00:40:33 ladies and gentlemen,

00:40:36 I have been told that I must not speak for more than three minutes.

00:40:43 Unfortunately, all my funny stories last for at least four minutes.

00:40:52 And therefore, I shall have to be intensely serious.

00:40:58 The ceremonies are over

00:41:00 and our guests and king, queen

00:41:04 are going up the stairs, upstairs to the gold room

00:41:08 where the dance will be held.

00:41:12 After the dance, there will be fireworks

00:41:17 and then perhaps a little more dancing.

00:41:23 There is Richard.

00:41:28 Friday, December 13th, Lucia Day.

00:41:32 Groups from all over Sweden celebrate by singing the Lucia song.

00:41:37 They came into our hotel room, seven o'clock in the morning.

00:41:41 If you're not up yet, that's okay.

00:41:44 They'll serenade you anyway.

00:42:15 Out of our hotel room.

00:42:18 To the next.

00:43:15 Jesus under the Lucia

00:43:23 Later in the morning, we were driven to Uppsala University

00:43:28 where Richard gave a talk in the chemistry department.

00:43:35 However, before the talk, we were met with another group of chemists,

00:43:40 Lucia singers.

00:43:43 And so, we were serenaded just before Richard gave his talk.

00:44:10 Ladies and gentlemen, it's a great privilege and a pleasure

00:44:13 to introduce the 1991 Nobel laureate in chemistry, Professor Richard Ernst.

00:44:19 Very kind introduction, ladies and gentlemen.

00:44:22 It's indeed a great pleasure to once visit again

00:44:26 this very famous university with a great tradition and a long history.

00:44:36 And particularly under these favorable circumstances for me and today also for you.

00:44:43 It's just the 13th of December.

00:44:46 Of course, I can't sing my lecture.

00:44:51 It will be just purely prose.

00:44:55 But I just have discovered that we chemists are actually angels all the year long.

00:45:02 No white coats.

00:45:05 I mean, all they should have carried are small Bunsen burners instead of candles.

00:45:17 And what I'd like to tell you about, as has been mentioned before,

00:45:22 is something about nuclear magnetic presence.

00:45:24 I think this is the only thing I understand.

00:45:28 It is certainly of great importance in chemistry.

00:45:33 And what you have heard that I'm essentially a toolmaker

00:45:37 and I like to play with my tools.

00:45:40 And I'll tell you something about these tools which are intriguing

00:45:45 and, as we have heard before, useful also.

00:45:49 Material science and medical science, in all three fields NMR is of importance.

00:45:57 Particular science leading to liquid state NMR, material science to solid state NMR,

00:46:04 and medical science to NMR imaging.

00:46:10 Essentially modern NMR as we know it in the present form started somewhere in the 1960s.

00:46:20 And that was the time when I moved from Switzerland to Palo Alto, California,

00:46:26 and met, on the next slide, my former boss, Wes Anderson, who is sitting here in the front row.

00:46:37 And he had brilliant ideas.

00:46:40 And his idea was the following.

00:46:45 You see, we perhaps look at the next slide at the same time.

00:46:52 When we normally record a spectrum, we record it just point by point, moving slowly through.

00:46:59 That's a tedious process as we cannot move too fast through the spectrum,

00:47:04 otherwise we get distortions.

00:47:07 And that leads to a low information flux or, we say, to low sensitivity.

00:47:14 So a much better technique would be to simultaneously excite all these resonances at once.

00:47:20 And one can do that by applying a simple, sharp pulse.

00:47:25 And this simple, sharp pulse, in essence, excites all of the eigenfrequencies of the system,

00:47:31 which are represented here by the various resonance lines.

00:47:34 And what you obtain is a so-called impulse response.

00:47:38 Or we call it also a free induction decay.

00:47:41 A signal which decays after this initial pulse excitation.

00:47:46 And then all you have to do is to unscramble the frequency content of this decay in order to get the spectrum.

00:47:53 And that is normally being done by a Fourier transformation.

00:47:56 So this free induction decay is fully analyzed and then obtains a spectrum of this type.

00:48:03 After the lecture, there was the usual reception.

00:48:07 And then we went up to the castle, walked up to the castle, where we had lunch served to us.

00:48:15 Here we have a shot of the castle.

00:48:24 The last event of Lucia Day was a dinner, Lucia Dinner, put on by the students at Stockholm University.

00:48:32 It was a real bash, a parody on the Nobel Prize and the Nobel Dinner, and a lot of fun.

00:48:39 The Master of Ceremonies spoke in English, but of course all of the drinking songs were in Swedish.

00:48:45 Tell us about the heathen god Odin.

00:48:50 He is the founder of the most distinguished order of the universe,

00:48:54 the supreme order of the ever-smiling and jumping green frog.

00:49:01 This is what happened when he founded the order.

00:49:05 Wrathful Odin sat on his throne in Valhalla, cursing the nuns' monopoly of fate, snuff and liquor.

00:49:15 Only a drink could appease his anger.

00:49:18 Only a drink from the well-guarded spring of wisdom whence flows the word of life,

00:49:24 the wholesome, refreshing atonement.

00:49:28 Nothing was left for the mid-winter feast.

00:49:31 All hope was gone, but suddenly he heard a faint but friendly beluglia,

00:49:36 ribbit, ribbit,

00:49:39 or in Swedish, quack, quack.

00:49:43 And there was the ever-smiling and jumping green frog,

00:49:46 who knew that only she could save the world from Odin's wrath,

00:49:50 and spare the world complete destruction.

00:49:53 Bow your head in deep respect.

00:50:17 A tiny magnet in a field of force,

00:50:20 an analytical dragnet you are, of course.

00:50:23 Short pulses will do it, our Richard was saying.

00:50:27 Thus came FT, like an answer to praying.

00:50:31 2D or not 2D?

00:50:35 Come over here, I'll help you see.

00:50:37 What's in your head?

00:50:39 Oh, don't bother, it's all dead.

00:50:42 Better leave your thinking to your new frog of lead.

00:50:50 Thank you.

00:51:20 Thank you.

00:51:39 It seems appropriate to close this day and this video

00:51:45 with the Lucia song, Lucia singers.

00:52:45 I love you Lucia

00:52:50 You are my living precious

00:52:55 Under all the earth

00:53:00 And in all the earth

00:53:05 I shall be Lucia

00:53:10 Lucia

00:53:15 Lucia

00:53:20 Lucia

00:53:25 Lucia

00:53:30 Lucia

00:53:40 Lucia

00:53:45 Lucia

00:53:50 Lucia