00:00:01 Lockheed Electronics Company and its more than 1,800 New Jersey employees are pleased to present this Science Screen Report

00:00:10 with the hope that it will lead to increased understanding and appreciation of science and technology in our world today.

00:00:30 A triumph of scientific photography, an image of an unborn human embryo within the womb.

00:00:56 Individual living cells have formed its embryonic hands.

00:01:12 The embryo's face developed from still another cell cluster.

00:01:18 Since its invention, photography has been a tool of science.

00:01:23 Today it serves on many scientific frontiers, aids engineering in improving our world, and helps medicine probe body mysteries.

00:01:36 This is a report on photography in science, engineering, and medicine.

00:01:59 This is the world's first photograph. Light, energy-induced chemical changes in a sensitized surface which produced an image.

00:02:10 Made in 1837 by Louis-Jacques Mondaguerre.

00:02:17 In 1872, Edward Muybridge used wet-plate still cameras, triggered in sequence, to photograph a galloping horse,

00:02:26 and proved that, for an instant, the galloping animal has all four feet off the ground.

00:02:32 It was long known that such a series of images, viewed in rapid succession, merged into a sort of moving picture.

00:02:43 George Eastman's celluloid film and Thomas Edison's 16-pictures-per-second cameras helped make motion pictures practical.

00:02:54 Edison's film studio, covered with tar paper to exclude light, was called the Black Mariah.

00:03:00 One early film was of Gentleman Jim Corbett, a period prize fighter.

00:03:10 Later, theatrical films were made. The Great Train Robbery was one of the first.

00:03:22 Edison made many scientific films. Here, time-lapse, taking one image each minute, then projecting 24 images per second, reveals the blossoming of a flower.

00:03:35 Here is the same technique carried out using today's technology. These extraordinary results were achieved by Oxford Scientific Films experts.

00:03:54 Photography's many uses as a tool in science are perhaps best exemplified in the field of space research.

00:04:05 Most basically, the camera records the Earth and the Moon, the Sun, and the stars.

00:04:16 The camera also extends man's senses.

00:04:26 It magnifies, or makes smaller. It freezes time and events for later study, or compresses time for the same purpose.

00:04:39 It details an unfamiliar environment, in this case, space.

00:04:46 We've seen man on the Moon and the rocks he's collected from the outside and the inside.

00:04:57 Photography has been an important key in both opening up and studying every aspect of this new scientific frontier, and in this process, providing a record of its sublime beauty.

00:05:15 Photography has also played a vital part in the probing of scientific ocean mysteries. These films, showing an underwater volcano and its lava pillows in the shallows near Hawaii, were made by Dr. Lee Tepley.

00:05:31 Elsewhere, underwater images have been used to survey a variety of ocean phenomena.

00:05:49 The shark is another ocean mystery that has been studied with cameras.

00:05:56 This film sequence reveals one shark species' pre-attack swimming pattern. Its body arches and undulates. The underside, normally straight out, points downwards, suggesting that this motion can give warning of a coming attack.

00:06:17 The motion picture camera has also been used in studies of endangered species, like the California condor.

00:06:28 While the use of telephoto lenses and other techniques has allowed studies of species too dangerous to approach, like the cheetah.

00:06:46 Photography has also been applied to many fields of engineering, such as automotive design. Studies using these anthropometric models, metal, rubber, and plastic counterparts of human bodies, reveal how real people might be affected by crashes.

00:07:09 Thermographic images, which record heat energy output, can help determine which outside surfaces of homes, indicated here in red, lose large amounts of heat in cold weather, aiding energy management.

00:07:25 This single saucer-shaped silicon wafer contains 150 computer chips, each a tiny calculator. In microelectronics engineering, photography is used to locate imperfections on such chips.

00:07:45 Here a camera photographs the chip in question.

00:07:56 A large map, made up of 30 8x10 photographs, is used to locate the portions to be tested by oscilloscope.

00:08:12 Photographs of the oscilloscope patterns during the tests clarify the nature of the problem, if any.

00:08:22 A scanning electron microscope, which uses beams of electrons instead of light to record images, magnifies the chip's circuits thousands of times, revealing minute flaws, if they exist.

00:08:48 Scientific photography has also aided much medical research. This body scanner works by nuclear magnetic resonance. Magnetism aligns selected body molecules, whereupon radio energy is beamed in.

00:09:02 This energy slowly leaks away, different molecules releasing different quantities of energy, and is recorded as color-coded computer images.

00:09:16 This display shows a cross-section of the head, the eyes and nose appearing at the top. Different materials and different states of metabolism appear in different colors.

00:09:29 Image photographs provide a permanent record for later diagnosis.

00:09:36 Until now, ophthalmologists searching the eye retina for disease symptoms used a painfully bright light.

00:09:49 Today, at Boston's Eye Research Institute, doctors have found a new approach, the scanning laser ophthalmoscope.

00:10:04 A powered laser light beam, like the flying spot beam that makes a TV picture, scans the retina, the inner layer of cells behind the pupil.

00:10:15 The pattern of light reflected out is displayed on a TV screen. Computer-generated images may even be beamed onto the retina to learn how well the eye tracks.

00:10:29 A fluorescein dye may be used to map its blood vessels.

00:10:40 A system for recording scanner images is now being developed. Eye detail enlarged up to nine times is captured in seconds.

00:10:49 Such data about the eye may also lead to diagnosis of high blood pressure and other problems.

00:10:59 Medical photographer Lennart Nielsen has used his cameras to carry out studies of the effects of high blood pressure, which is linked with heart attacks.

00:11:09 A glass fish tank and cold distilled water flow help retard organ deterioration.

00:11:16 Lighting, focus, framing, speed, all must work together to catch colors, textures, shapes, and precise anatomical detail.

00:11:28 Here the camera reveals a thickened coronary artery blood tube dominating a heart's exterior, suggesting the impact of years of high blood pressure.

00:11:44 From inside, the aorta heart valve one sees, closing off of the heart entrance at right center.

00:11:53 Inside the left ventricle heart valve, the stress of contracting against high blood pressure has thickened the wall, so it is lined with broad cords of muscle.

00:12:16 From its beginnings, photography has played a key role in relating space, time, and scientific data, and so contributed to the progress of the 20th century.

00:12:27 Photographic images clarify the factual record, the new advances in theory which explain it, and even newer mysteries, and so aid the growth of scientific knowledge.

00:12:46 Lockheed Electronics and its more than 1,800 New Jersey employees have been pleased to present this science screen report.