This collection, digitized here in its entirety, consists of 48 stereographs depicting various stages in the industrial manufacture of glass, steel, iron, and salt, published by Underwood & Underwood after 1895. The stereographs are numbered and grouped by subject, reflecting how they would have been marketed and sold by the company as sets intended for educational use. This collection comes from the Department of Chemistry at Oberlin College, where the stereographs are thought to have been purchased and used for teaching purposes.
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Using compressed air to blow glass into shape of a mould
- After 1895
View of several workers using compressed air to blow glass into the shape of a mold at a Glass Works factory in New Jersey. This photograph is one of a set of five stereographs detailing the production of blown-glass…
- Publisher Underwood & Underwood
- Subject Employees, Glass blowing and working, Manufacturing industries, Glass manufacture
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Tapping open hearth furnaces and carbonizing molten metal with charcoal or coke
- After 1895
View of two workers tapping open hearth furnaces and carbonizing molten metal at an unknown manufacturing plant. Open hearth furnaces are used to burn excess carbon and other impurities out of pig iron, an intermediate…
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Taking flattened sheet of glass from lehr in the furnace
- After 1895
View of a worker removing a flattened sheet of glass from a lehr, a temperature-controlled kiln used to slowly cool hot glass, at an unidentified factory. This photograph is one of a set of seven stereographs detailing…
- Publisher Underwood & Underwood
- Subject Employees, Glass blowing and working, Manufacturing industries, Glass manufacture
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Taking down cylinder and placing on capping off-horse
- After 1895
View of two workers taking down a cylinder of glass and placing it on a capping-off horse, an apparatus used to transfer cylindrical glass sections, at an unidentified factory. This photograph is one of a set of seven…
- Publisher Underwood & Underwood
- Subject Employees, Glass blowing and working, Manufacturing industries, Glass manufacture
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Stripping moulds from ingots in Bessemer mill
- After 1895
View of pig iron ingots being stripped from their molds in a Bessemer mill at an unknown manufacturing plant. The Bessemer mill takes its name from the "Bessemer process," an inexpensive industrial method for the…
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Steel ingot entering first rolling mill to be rolled into plates or rails
- After 1895
View of a worker inserting a steel ingot, a piece of relatively pure material cast into a shape suitable for further processing, into a rolling mill at an unknown manufacturing plant. During the production of steel,…
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Splitting cylinders on splitting bucks ready to flatten
- After 1895
View of a worker splitting cylinders of glass ready to be flattened into glass sheets at an unidentified factory. This photograph is one of a set of seven stereographs detailing the production of glass sheets.
- Publisher Underwood & Underwood
- Subject Employees, Glass blowing and working, Manufacturing industries, Glass manufacture
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Shover boy shoving cylinder into flattening oven
- After 1895
View of a worker transferring a cylinder of glass into a flattening oven at an unidentified factory. This photograph is one of a set of seven stereographs detailing the production of glass sheets.
- Publisher Underwood & Underwood
- Subject Employees, Glass blowing and working, Manufacturing industries, Glass manufacture
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Shaping special kinds of glass tubing in a great factory
- After 1895
View of two workers shaping special kinds of glass tubing at an unidentified factory. This photograph is one of a set of three stereographs detailing the production of glass tubing and pipettes.
- Publisher Underwood & Underwood
- Subject Employees, Glass blowing and working, Manufacturing industries, Glass manufacture
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Shaping a bottle neck, while it is rolled by a helper
- After 1895
View of two workers rolling and shaping a bottle neck at a Glass Works factory in New Jersey. This photograph is one of a set of five stereographs detailing the production of blown-glass bottles.
- Publisher Underwood & Underwood
- Subject Employees, Glass blowing and working, Manufacturing industries, Glass manufacture
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Salt vats where water is evaporated by solar heat, Syracuse, New York
- After 1895
View of salt vats where water is evaporated by means of solar heat at an unknown facility in Syracuse, New York. This photograph is one of a set of six stereographs detailing the mining and production of salt.
- Publisher Underwood & Underwood
- Subject Employees, Manufacturing industries, Salt industry and trade, Salt mines and mining
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Row of drawing kilns on which cylinders are blown by compressed air
- After 1895
View of a row of drawing kilns used to process molten glass into continuous sheets of flat glass at an unidentified factory. This photograph is one of a set of seven stereographs detailing the production of glass sheets.
- Publisher Underwood & Underwood
- Subject Glass blowing and working, Manufacturing industries, Glass manufacture
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Rotary dryer for drying salt, Hutchinson, Kansas
- After 1895
View of a worker examining a rotary dryer for drying salt at an unknown facility in Hutchinson, Kansas. This photograph is one of a set of six stereographs detailing the mining and production of salt.
- Publisher Underwood & Underwood
- Subject Employees, Manufacturing industries, Salt industry and trade, Salt mines and mining
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Rolling slab into thin plate in Homestead Mill, 4th stage in plate making
- After 1895
View of a rolling mill at the Homestead Steel Mill in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania rolling a slab of steel into a thin plate. This photograph is one of a set of seven stereographs detailing the production of steel.
- Publisher Underwood & Underwood
- Subject Iron industry and trade, Steel industry and trade, Manufacturing industries
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Removing steel plate from great cutting machine (front view)
- After 1895
View of several workers removing a steel plate from a cutting machine at an unknown manufacturing plant. This photograph is one of a set of seven stereographs detailing the production of steel.
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Preparing a bottle neck for its finish
- After 1895
View of a worker preparing to finish a bottle neck at a Glass Works factory in New Jersey. This photograph is one of a set of five stereographs detailing the production of blown-glass bottles.
- Publisher Underwood & Underwood
- Subject Employees, Glass blowing and working, Manufacturing industries, Glass manufacture
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Powder man charging holes with dynamite sticks for blasting in rock salt mine, Kansas
- After 1895
View of a worker inserting sticks of dynamite into blasting holes at a rock salt mine in Kansas. This photograph is one of a set of six stereographs detailing the mining and production of salt.
- Publisher Underwood & Underwood
- Subject Employees, Manufacturing industries, Salt industry and trade, Salt mines and mining
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Pouring molten iron from blast furnace ladle into massive pig iron purifier
- After 1895
View of molten iron being poured from a blast furnace ladle into an apparatus for the purification of pig iron, intermediate product of smelting iron ore, at an unknown manufacturing plant. Blast furnaces are used to…
- Publisher Underwood & Underwood
- Subject Iron industry and trade, Steel industry and trade, Manufacturing industries
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Pig iron mixer which acts as collector, and distributer pouring into ladle
- After 1895
View of a mixer used to collect and distribute pig iron, an intermediate product of smelting iron ore produced from a blast furnace, at an unknown manufacturing plant. This photograph is one of a set of fourteen…
- Publisher Underwood & Underwood
- Subject Iron industry and trade, Steel industry and trade, Manufacturing industries
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Overlooking the extensive salt fields of Solinen, Russia (20,000 tons of Salt)
- After 1895
View overlooking the extensive salt fields in Solinen, Russia, located along the Black Sea, containing approximately 20,000 tons of salt. This photograph is one of a set of six stereographs detailing the mining and…
- Publisher Underwood & Underwood
- Subject Manufacturing industries, Salt industry and trade, Salt mines and mining
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Moulds being taken off steel ingots as they have solidified
- After 1895
View of molds being removed from steel ingots after they have solidified at an unknown manufacturing plant. During the production of metals, such as iron and steel, molds are typically used to form ingots, pieces of…
- Publisher Underwood & Underwood
- Subject Iron industry and trade, Steel industry and trade, Manufacturing industries
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Making the sand moulds for pig iron
- After 1895
View of two workers constructing sand molds for pig iron, an intermediate product of smelting iron ore produced from a blast furnace, at an unknown manufacturing plant. Used to form pig iron ingots, such molds are…
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Making and fitting ground-glass stopper to a big carboy
- After 1895
View of a worker making and fitting a ground-glass stopper to a large carboy, a type of vessel used for the transportation and fermentation of liquids, at a Glass Works factory in New Jersey. This photograph is one of a…
- Publisher Underwood & Underwood
- Subject Employees, Glass blowing and working, Manufacturing industries, Glass manufacture
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Making a bottom for a Bessemer converter, showing gas blast tubes
- After 1895
View of several workers forming the bottom of a Bessemer converter at an unknown manufacturing plant. The Bessemer converter takes its name from the "Bessemer process," an inexpensive industrial method for the…
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Finishing neck or "corkage" of a 12-gallon carboy
- After 1895
View of two workers finishing the neck or "corkage" of a 12-gallon glass carboy, a type of vessel used for the transportation and fermentation of liquids, at a Glass Works factory in New Jersey. This photograph is one…
- Publisher Underwood & Underwood
- Subject Employees, Glass blowing and working, Manufacturing industries, Glass manufacture