00:00:00 As you know, we have many people who enjoy doing research in my lab, and at this time I'd like you to meet one of them.

00:00:19 Her name is Krista Stewart. Please welcome Krista.

00:00:24 Hi Krista. Hi, how are you? Fine, how are you? How's it going today? Good. What do you have for us?

00:00:35 I have some household chemicals that I've been experimenting with lately. I'd like to show you what happens when I mix them together.

00:00:41 I have some vinegar, some baking soda, some laundry detergent, and some food coloring, and a glass of water.

00:00:50 And what are you doing now? I'm putting on my safety goggles. Of course.

00:01:00 I'm going to start by putting in a spoonful of baking soda.

00:01:08 And then a spoonful of laundry detergent.

00:01:17 And then to make things more colorful, food coloring.

00:01:25 And then we're going to mix it up a bit.

00:01:28 That's always a good idea to mix things up, isn't it?

00:01:38 And finally, the vinegar.

00:01:44 Whoa. That's pretty interesting.

00:02:01 That's a neat experiment. I like that, Krista. I like that very much.

00:02:04 I noticed when you came, though, you brought something else with you. What is this?

00:02:07 This is a bell made from lead, but it doesn't work very well.

00:02:11 It sure doesn't.

00:02:13 Do you have any cold liquids in your lab?

00:02:15 Yes, I have liquid nitrogen.

00:02:17 That would be great.

00:02:18 You'd like to have some of that?

00:02:19 Yeah.

00:02:20 All right, here's some liquid nitrogen. And...

00:02:24 I know that things act differently when they're cold, so I'll try cooling the bell.

00:02:29 And how can we tell if the lead is at the same temperature as the liquid nitrogen?

00:02:34 When it stops bubbling.

00:02:36 When it stops bubbling. Yes, yes.

00:02:38 We have a lot of good research students in the making in the audience. Yes, yes.

00:02:46 That's better, isn't it? Right? That's better.

00:02:48 Very good, Krista. Very good.

00:02:58 Now, when the bell rings, it makes vibrations.

00:03:01 Sound energy is the result of vibrations.

00:03:05 You knock on the table, you move your vocal cords, you push the air, you make sound waves.

00:03:10 Now, Krista, I know that you have other ways of making sound waves, don't you?

00:03:16 Yes, I play the violin.

00:03:18 Do you happen to have it with you here?

00:03:20 I do.

00:03:25 That was very nice, Krista. Isn't that nice? Very nice.

00:03:45 Now, that was a simple scale, Krista. I know you can do a lot more, can't you?

00:03:50 Sure, I'd love to.

00:03:51 All right.

00:04:22 Bravo!

00:04:36 Bravo!

00:04:52 That was just beautiful.

00:04:54 And that's what we try to do in my lab, to link science and the arts together.

00:05:00 Krista, she's a student in high school. What year are you in, Krista?

00:05:04 I'm a sophomore.

00:05:05 A sophomore at Middleton High School, which is just outside of Madison.

00:05:08 How old are you, Krista?

00:05:09 I'm 15.

00:05:10 She's 15 years old. And I want to tell you something else about Krista.

00:05:13 She's received many, many awards for her talents.

00:05:17 And next month, she's going to be a featured soloist in Carnegie Hall.

00:05:23 Bravo!

00:05:35 Now, there are other people in my lab who experiment with sound energy,

00:05:40 and I think it's time to call one of them out here.

00:05:43 What do you think, Krista?

00:05:45 Let's call Mark out.

00:05:46 All right. Come on out, Mark.

00:05:51 Welcome. What do you have for us today?

00:05:55 I have an oboe and a reed. The reed makes the sound.

00:05:59 There's two little pieces of wood that vibrate against each other,

00:06:02 and when I blow across them, they make a very beautiful sound.

00:06:05 It sounds like this.

00:06:10 I thought you said beautiful sound, Mark.

00:06:13 Well, maybe I should try it again.

00:06:27 Well, it's getting better.

00:06:29 Getting better. Well, usually it works better when I put the reed into the oboe.

00:06:33 The oboe is made of wood and also has, in this case, gold keys.

00:06:38 And as I add fingers, the vibrating column of air inside the instrument gets bigger,

00:06:43 and the tone gets lower.

00:07:08 Very nice. Very nice.

00:07:23 Another person who has also been working on sound energy in my lab is Professor Mark Vallone.

00:07:29 So, Mark, are you ready?

00:07:30 Yeah.

00:07:36 What do you have for us today?

00:07:38 Well, this is a bassoon, and it's a bit of a similar instrument to the oboe.

00:07:45 It's got a reed, this vibration device.

00:07:48 It's a larger reed, makes a different sound.

00:07:54 I can play a tune for you also. It will be a bit different.

00:08:04 And if I...

00:08:08 But then if I put the reed on the bassoon...

00:08:11 Well, first thing, if I blow on the bassoon like this...

00:08:17 You can hear the air going through the pipe, but that doesn't really make a musical sound.

00:08:22 I couldn't play a whole concert like this, so I put the reed on the bassoon,

00:08:26 and I can hope to play the bassoon.

00:08:35 Very good. Very good.

00:08:41 Play something else for us, please?

00:08:42 Yeah.

00:08:43 Yes.

00:08:56 Very nice. Very nice.

00:09:23 How about if the three of you play something for us together?

00:09:26 We'd be delighted.

00:09:27 All right, I'll get out of the way then.

00:09:31 There's a particular form in music that is called in music a canon, or a round,

00:09:36 similar to when you sing Row, Row, Row Your Boat.

00:09:39 And we have three such canons to play for you today.

00:09:42 The first one you may recognize is Hey, Ho.

00:09:45 I'll ask Chris to demonstrate the tune, and then the second time we'll all play it together.

00:10:15 So you notice that this piece we just played, Chris has started the piece and I finished it.

00:10:32 Now it's my time to start the piece.

00:10:45 Hey, Ho.

00:11:07 Our last piece was written by a great composer by the name of Johann Sebastian Bach.

00:11:12 Here's Christa and myself playing the same piece, same tune, separated by a little time duration,

00:11:19 a different tune being played by the bassoon.

00:11:42 Bravo. Very nice. Very nice.

00:12:11 Ladies and gentlemen, Professor Mark Vallone, Professor Mark Fink, and Christa Stewart,

00:12:18 the Science is Fun Trio.

00:12:20 Thank you very much. Thank you. Thank you very much.

00:12:28 At this time, I would like you to welcome someone working in my lab,

00:12:33 and her name is Claire Arena Hayden.

00:12:36 Claire, are you ready?

00:12:39 Hi.

00:12:40 Hi, Claire.

00:12:41 Hi, Mr. F.

00:12:42 What do you have for us here?

00:12:43 What does this look like?

00:12:45 Well, it looks like a collection of test tubes of different colored liquids,

00:12:49 but they seem to be arranged in kind of a rainbow order.

00:12:52 Yeah, they are. I happen to love rainbows.

00:12:56 And what's in here, we have a universal indicator in here to help us tell whether something is an acid,

00:13:03 which is all the way over here, or if it's a base, which is all the way over here.

00:13:07 So the color of the indicator tells us whether it's acidic on this side or basic on this side.

00:13:12 Correct, or neutral right here in the middle.

00:13:14 Or half way. All right. Very good.

00:13:16 Want to do an experiment?

00:13:17 Sure. We always like to do experiments in my lab. That's what my lab is all about.

00:13:21 Why not? Now, Sam, have you ever had indigestion or heartburn before?

00:13:27 Yes. Yes. Yes.

00:13:28 If you do, you probably have to take something like milk of magnesia.

00:13:31 It's an antacid.

00:13:32 It's an antacid, and it helps that burning sensation kind of go away, doesn't it?

00:13:35 It does. It does.

00:13:36 So, I'm going to shake up this milk of magnesia.

00:13:39 I'm going to get my magnetic stirrer going.

00:13:42 Get another little tornado inside.

00:13:44 Yeah.

00:13:45 Yeah.

00:13:46 And now we're going to add this milk of magnesia to this clear and colorless and odorless liquid,

00:13:51 which happens to be water.

00:13:53 And let's see what happens.

00:13:54 You see the tornado starting?

00:13:56 Yes.

00:13:57 Yeah, there it goes.

00:13:58 All right. Let's see what happens.

00:14:00 Whoa.

00:14:03 It doesn't seem to be very soluble.

00:14:05 No, no, you can't see through it.

00:14:06 It's all cloudy.

00:14:07 It's not dissolving in the water.

00:14:08 Right.

00:14:09 So now, why don't we add our universal indicator.

00:14:12 All right.

00:14:13 And if this is an antacid, what color do you think it might be?

00:14:16 Antacid.

00:14:17 Now, help me out, audience.

00:14:18 Is it going to be on this side or this side?

00:14:21 On the right side or on the left side?

00:14:24 Right.

00:14:25 Well, on your left side, right?

00:14:28 On your right side.

00:14:30 I'm getting confused here, right?

00:14:33 It's my left side and your right side.

00:14:35 We've talked about this before, right?

00:14:37 All right.

00:14:38 So we think it's going to be.

00:14:39 Let's see what happens.

00:14:43 Oh.

00:14:46 It's basic.

00:14:47 It's basic.

00:14:48 It's purple.

00:14:49 It's an antacid.

00:14:50 It's an antacid.

00:14:51 So there you go.

00:14:52 So we know it's a base.

00:14:53 Now we're going to take another household item, vinegar,

00:14:55 which is also a clear and colorless liquid,

00:14:58 but is not odorless by any means.

00:15:02 For sure.

00:15:03 So we're going to add some of this acid into our base

00:15:06 and see what happens.

00:15:07 All right.

00:15:08 All right.

00:15:09 Here we go.

00:15:14 Oh.

00:15:16 More rainbow colors.

00:15:17 More rainbow colors.

00:15:19 I love color changes.

00:15:21 All right.

00:15:22 So now I went back.

00:15:23 We added the acid and it went back to an acid.

00:15:25 Yeah, but I can see it changing also now.

00:15:28 Yeah.

00:15:29 It doesn't seem to be staying.

00:15:30 It's pink is when we first.

00:15:31 And it's still cloudy.

00:15:32 It's still cloudy.

00:15:33 That means there's a lot of milk of magnesia in there.

00:15:35 Yep.

00:15:36 That's still in there.

00:15:37 Oh, what's happening?

00:15:38 It's turning green.

00:15:39 It's turning green.

00:15:40 Oh, and now it's kind of blue.

00:15:42 It's still basic.

00:15:43 It's still basic.

00:15:44 So now it's going back to a base.

00:15:45 So we know our milk of magnesia worked for getting rid of all of our acid.

00:15:49 Yes, yes.

00:15:50 So because we're scientists, we always repeat our experiments.

00:15:52 Should we add a little bit more?

00:15:53 Sure.

00:15:54 Let's try a little more acetic acid.

00:15:55 A little more acetic acid and see what happens.

00:15:56 Right.

00:15:57 That's vinegar.

00:15:58 All right.

00:16:00 Wow.

00:16:01 Acid on the top and it mixes.

00:16:02 Yeah, it changes.

00:16:03 Oh, that's very nice.

00:16:04 That's beautiful.

00:16:05 Very color.

00:16:06 Do you like songs about rainbows?

00:16:07 Yes, I like songs.

00:16:08 I do too.

00:16:09 I think I'm gonna sing my favorite song about rainbows.

00:16:11 If you guys know the words, feel free to sing along, okay?

00:16:15 Goes something like this.

00:16:18 Somewhere over the rainbow

00:16:27 Way up high

00:16:32 There's a land that I heard of

00:16:37 Once in a lullaby

00:16:42 Somewhere over the rainbow

00:16:48 Skies are blue

00:16:53 And the dreams that you dare to dream

00:16:58 Really do come true

00:17:02 Someday I'll wish upon a star

00:17:05 And wake up where the clouds are far behind me

00:17:11 Where troubles melt like lemon drops

00:17:14 Away above the chimney tops

00:17:16 That's where you'll find me

00:17:22 Somewhere over the rainbow

00:17:27 Bluebirds fly

00:17:32 Birds fly over the rainbow

00:17:37 Why then oh why can't I?

00:17:42 If happy little bluebirds fly

00:17:46 Beyond the rainbow

00:17:49 Why oh why can't I?

00:17:58 Thank you everybody.

00:18:04 Thank you.

00:18:09 I like doing experiments with balloons.

00:18:11 I need some more balloons.

00:18:13 Can someone please bring me some balloons?

00:18:15 Oh yes, here we are.

00:18:17 Hello Akronifa.

00:18:18 Hello.

00:18:19 Good to see you again.

00:18:20 Nice to see you too.

00:18:21 Please put them down here.

00:18:22 I'd like you to meet Akronifa Achaya.

00:18:25 She's a student.

00:18:26 Where do you go to school?

00:18:27 I go to school at Verona Area High School.

00:18:29 And what year are you in?

00:18:30 I'm a junior.

00:18:31 She's a junior.

00:18:37 And she's been doing some experiments in my lab

00:18:39 and that's why she's helping me with those balloons.

00:18:42 So I'm going to start out with this first balloon here.

00:18:44 I'm going to set it up here.

00:18:46 And this balloon has in it a gas.

00:18:50 And we're going to find out what this gas is.

00:18:53 If it burns or doesn't burn.

00:18:55 So I'm going to go like this.

00:18:56 You ready for this?

00:18:57 Yes.

00:18:58 All right, here we go.

00:19:01 That balloon had in it the gas methane, natural gas.

00:19:05 The same gas that we're burning in this burner right here.

00:19:08 And that methane gas is also lighter than air.

00:19:12 But the balloon didn't go up in the air

00:19:14 because we had it tied up with this little clamp.

00:19:18 So that's why it didn't go up.

00:19:19 So we've got some more balloons here.

00:19:21 So methane is the simplest hydrocarbon.

00:19:24 And it burns and gives off light energy and heat energy.

00:19:28 This balloon has in it ethane.

00:19:32 Ethane is closely related to methane.

00:19:35 And let's see if ethane will do the same thing as methane.

00:19:40 Okay, you ready for this?

00:19:41 Yes.

00:19:42 Okay, she's ready.

00:19:43 Here we go.

00:19:47 Similar but not exactly the same, right?

00:19:51 Release of energy in the form of light

00:19:53 and also a little bit in the form of sound.

00:19:56 So we've done methane, ethane.

00:19:58 What comes after that?

00:19:59 Propane.

00:20:00 Propane.

00:20:01 Do we have a propane-filled balloon here?

00:20:02 Yes, we do.

00:20:03 This one here?

00:20:04 Yes.

00:20:05 Would you like to do it?

00:20:06 Sure.

00:20:07 All right.

00:20:08 All right, then I'll stand over here then as you do it.

00:20:11 Okay.

00:20:12 Okay, here we go.

00:20:14 Wow!

00:20:25 That flame went out with that one.

00:20:28 That is because of an interesting property of propane,

00:20:31 but we'll talk about that in a second.

00:20:34 So we have one more balloon.

00:20:35 Should I try this one?

00:20:36 Yes.

00:20:37 Okay, I'll try this one.

00:20:39 I'll try this one and see what happens.

00:20:41 Okay, here we go.

00:20:43 Ready?

00:20:44 Yes.

00:20:46 Oh!

00:20:49 That looks, actually it sounded like it was a dud, right?

00:20:54 Actually it wasn't because the gas inside the balloon was carbon dioxide,

00:20:59 and carbon dioxide does not burn.

00:21:02 The other gases that we used, methane, ethane, and propane,

00:21:05 when they burn, they produce carbon dioxide, among other things.

00:21:10 They produce water and carbon dioxide.

00:21:12 And carbon dioxide is a gas that is heavier than air.

00:21:15 It's denser than air, so it sinks.

00:21:19 Are you ready to do your next experiment that you have developed here?

00:21:22 Yes, I'm ready.

00:21:23 Okay, what do you have for us here?

00:21:25 This contains carbon dioxide.

00:21:27 This flask has carbon dioxide in it.

00:21:29 It also has a little bit of dry ice at the bottom,

00:21:31 which is where the carbon dioxide gas is coming from.

00:21:34 What are you going to do?

00:21:35 I'm going to pour it down these stairs.

00:21:37 Down the steps here, these stairs here, with the candles on them, right?

00:21:41 Yeah.

00:21:42 Okay.

00:21:48 She's pouring down a gas, and what's the gas doing?

00:21:52 It's putting out the flame, right?

00:21:54 That's because carbon dioxide is not only denser than air, but it also, what?

00:22:00 Doesn't support combustion.

00:22:02 Why don't you leave those for me?

00:22:03 I'd like to leave those.

00:22:04 Can you leave those for me like that?

00:22:05 Sure.

00:22:06 I want to do another experiment.

00:22:07 Was that good?

00:22:08 Yeah.

00:22:16 So carbon dioxide gas is heavier than air.

00:22:19 You saw her pour it down, and it put out the flame.

00:22:22 Now, propane gas is also heavier than air.

00:22:27 But remember what happened with the propane-filled balloon

00:22:30 when we put the flame to it, right?

00:22:32 Yeah.

00:22:33 I have a small cylinder of propane gas right here.

00:22:36 I'm going to open the valve and fill this beaker with propane gas.

00:22:43 We won't be able to see it because it is colorless.

00:22:46 All these gases that we have worked with so far are colorless.

00:22:49 So here we go.

00:22:52 Can you hear the sound of the gas flowing out?

00:22:55 Yeah.

00:22:56 We can't see it, though.

00:22:57 And I want to fill it like this.

00:23:05 I'm going to close this off.

00:23:07 And propane gas is, like carbon dioxide, denser than air.

00:23:12 But propane gas, unlike carbon dioxide, does what?

00:23:16 It burns.

00:23:17 So I'm going to pour it down and see what happens.

00:23:25 You saw that, right?

00:23:41 Actually, that was a lot of fun.

00:23:42 I'd like to do that one more time.

00:23:44 Would that be all right?

00:23:46 Let me fill it again.

00:23:54 All right.

00:23:55 Put the lights down, please.

00:24:19 Cornifa, I know you have other hobbies beyond what you do in my lab.

00:24:23 What other hobbies do you have?

00:24:25 I like to play the flute and I like to play the piano and dance and sing and draw.

00:24:31 Sounds like a typical teenager, right?

00:24:35 Did you bring a flute with you by any chance today?

00:24:37 I did.

00:24:38 Would you like to play something for us?

00:24:39 Would you like me to?

00:24:40 Yes, we would love that.

00:26:11 Thank you very much.

00:26:28 Beautiful.

00:26:42 Oh, I guess that means you're ready for your experiment now, Alan, are you?

00:26:45 Yes, I am.

00:26:46 Hi.

00:26:47 Please welcome Alan.

00:26:48 Hi.

00:26:53 What do you have, Alan?

00:26:55 Well, I have a simple bicycle horn and a helium balloon.

00:26:58 A bicycle horn and a helium balloon.

00:27:00 All right.

00:27:01 See, I've been interested to hear, will the pitch of the bicycle horn change if it's out here in the air versus inside the helium balloon?

00:27:09 That's the experiment you've been working on?

00:27:10 Yeah.

00:27:11 Do you think it'll change?

00:27:12 Let's find out.

00:27:13 Let's find out.

00:27:14 All right.

00:27:23 I guess it changes.

00:27:29 So the pitch is affected by the gas that we use?

00:27:34 See, the molecules inside of helium are lighter than the molecules in air.

00:27:38 Yes.

00:27:39 And as they vibrate faster because they're lighter, the pitch goes higher.

00:27:43 Aha.

00:27:44 Very interesting.

00:27:45 Very interesting.

00:27:46 You know, I've been looking at other ways to change pitch as well.

00:27:48 Let me show you something.

00:27:49 All right.

00:27:50 So here we have just a beaker, a plain beaker.

00:27:53 Yes.

00:27:54 And if we hit the beaker, we're going to get a pitch.

00:27:57 All right.

00:27:58 I hear that.

00:27:59 We have lots of beakers in my lab, you know.

00:28:00 Well, as do I right here.

00:28:01 Yes.

00:28:02 And if we start filling it up, we're going to change the pitch.

00:28:07 So by putting more water in the beaker.

00:28:09 By filling up the space.

00:28:10 Yes.

00:28:11 We change the pitch.

00:28:12 Change the pitch.

00:28:13 Very interesting.

00:28:15 I'm wondering, why do I have all these beakers with different water in different sizes and perhaps different pitches, right?

00:28:20 Yes.

00:28:21 I'm wondering about that.

00:28:22 Yes.

00:28:23 Well, I've been working on something.

00:28:24 And I'm going to play something for you, and I think you may all recognize the tune.

00:28:28 Here we go.

00:28:31 Applause.

00:28:52 Applause.

00:29:00 Musical beakers and changing the pitch.

00:29:02 That's all it takes.

00:29:03 Yes.

00:29:04 But you know, there's another way we can do it.

00:29:05 There is.

00:29:06 Well, you know, you and I can just do it with our own voice.

00:29:08 How is that?

00:29:09 Well, we can speak really low.

00:29:10 Or we can speak in a normal voice.

00:29:12 Or we can speak really high.

00:29:15 Did you hear that?

00:29:17 Did you hear that?

00:29:19 We can speak really high, and the vibrations are making my voice a lot higher.

00:29:23 I think he has a better voice than I do, don't you?

00:29:27 Well, you know, we can speak like that, but the best way to show changes in pitch is actually through singing.

00:29:33 I'm not singing.

00:29:34 Well, would you like me to sing?

00:29:35 I'd love for you to sing.

00:29:36 Would you like to hear me sing?

00:29:37 Yes.

00:29:38 All right.

00:29:40 Largo facutum della città, largo!

00:29:43 La-la-la-la-la-la-la-la-la!

00:29:46 Presto, bottega, che la boccia presto!

00:29:49 La-la-la-la-la-la-la-la-la!

00:29:52 Ah, che bel vivere, che bel piacere!

00:29:56 Che bel piacere per un barbiere!

00:30:00 Di qualità, di qualità!

00:30:02 Eh, Figaro!

00:30:04 Figaro, Figaro, Figaro, Figaro, Figaro, Figaro, Figaro!

00:30:08 Ahimè, ahimè, che furia, ahimè, che folla!

00:30:13 Uno alla volta, per carità, per carità, per carità!

00:30:19 Uno alla volta, uno alla volta, uno alla volta, per carità!

00:30:25 La-la-la-la!

00:30:27 Bravo!

00:30:28 Wonderful, wonderful!

00:30:31 Thank you.

00:30:33 Another person in my lab has been working on this, and that's Gina.

00:30:38 Gina, can you please bring out some of the copper pennies that you have?

00:30:43 Please welcome Gina Gilley.

00:30:46 Nice, shiny copper pennies.

00:30:48 What do you plan to do with them?

00:30:50 Well, I'm going to put a couple of these in the solution that you have boiling over here.

00:30:55 All right.

00:30:56 And we're going to let them cook for a little while.

00:31:02 Two of them right in there.

00:31:04 All right.

00:31:05 And we're going to let them cook for a little while.

00:31:08 And we're going to let them cook for a little while.

00:31:14 Two of them right in there.

00:31:16 And let's make sure that they are, yeah, it's really cooking right now.

00:31:21 So we're heating this mixture.

00:31:24 We're both wearing eye protection.

00:31:26 You know that, right?

00:31:28 Just in case there's a problem.

00:31:31 And we do that because we obey the safety rules.

00:31:34 And we'll let this boil for just a few moments.

00:31:39 So, Gina, do you think this has been boiling for just about the right?

00:31:44 Let's check those.

00:31:45 Can you find them?

00:31:46 There is one here.

00:31:47 There's one there?

00:31:48 Let's see if I can help a little bit here.

00:31:56 I got one right here.

00:31:58 See it?

00:31:59 Yeah.

00:32:00 Right there.

00:32:01 Okay.

00:32:02 Oh, lost it.

00:32:03 Sorry.

00:32:04 Lost it?

00:32:05 Okay, we'll try to fish it out.

00:32:06 Maybe if we take the heat away a little bit here.

00:32:08 We're careful with the flame.

00:32:10 We can try to find it.

00:32:12 It's like hide and seek.

00:32:13 Yeah, it is.

00:32:15 And we do that in science a lot.

00:32:17 You got it?

00:32:19 Right there.

00:32:20 You're going to what now?

00:32:21 Rinse it off?

00:32:22 Rinse it off.

00:32:23 Yes, yes.

00:32:24 Let's see if I can find the other one.

00:32:26 Where's the other one here?

00:32:27 Did you already get one?

00:32:28 Oh, there it is.

00:32:29 There's the other one.

00:32:33 Okay.

00:32:37 And now, what are you going to do next?

00:32:39 Well, I'm going to put this in the flame until it just turns into a kind of a golden color.

00:32:55 Oh, it's really hot.

00:32:58 Wow, look at that.

00:33:00 Very nice.

00:33:01 Can you see that?

00:33:03 The copper?

00:33:04 Yes.

00:33:15 It looks like Gina was successful in changing copper to silver to gold, doesn't it?

00:33:21 Which was the dream of the alchemist.

00:33:24 Which was the dream of the alchemist.

00:33:26 But now in modern chemistry, we know better.

00:33:29 What Gina succeeded in doing is actually depositing some zinc on the copper.

00:33:35 And that's why we have the silvery appearance in this coin right here.

00:33:40 And then when she heated the copper penny with the zinc deposited on it,

00:33:45 in the flame, the zinc mixed with the copper and formed an alloy that you all know about.

00:33:53 It's called brass.

00:33:55 Yes, it's called brass.

00:33:57 Now, brass is a very special alloy to Gina, isn't it?

00:34:01 Oh, yes, it is.

00:34:02 Why is that?

00:34:03 I play an instrument that's made out of brass.

00:34:05 And what instrument is that?

00:34:06 I play the horn.

00:34:07 Do you happen to have one here?

00:34:08 Yes, I do.

00:34:09 All right.

00:34:10 I guess I can take my glasses off because usually it doesn't explode in my face.

00:34:29 So this is one of the instruments of the brass family, and it's called a horn.

00:34:34 And the brass instruments function on what we call an overtone or harmonic series.

00:34:40 And to make a sound in this instrument, we can't just blow air through it.

00:34:46 We actually have to buzz our lips, which kind of sounds like this.

00:34:51 Buzz!

00:34:55 Sounds kind of funny out of tone.

00:34:56 But then when you blow into the horn, you get what sounds like this.

00:35:05 So that's basically what musicians had to work with before the 18th century.

00:35:26 Before the horn got valves.

00:35:28 And around the 18th century, horn players figured out they could use their hand inside the bell to get some other pitches.

00:35:36 And then about 1815, valves came along and then the horn players went crazy.

00:35:58 So let me play a musical example of what a horn might sound like in an orchestra situation.

00:36:18 Now there are a couple of other people in my lab who also use brass instruments, and let's invite them to come out now.

00:36:45 Would you please welcome Amy Schendel and Todd Schendel.

00:36:56 Thank you.

00:36:57 So as Gina was describing with the horn, we also produce sound on the trumpet pretty much exactly the same way.

00:37:04 We have a mouthpiece here and we buzz our lips, which produces the sound, as I'm sure most of you are probably aware.

00:37:11 Actually, trumpets did not have these three valves like you see now.

00:37:16 It was originally just one long piece of metal tubing that they were able to just pretty much play fanfares and stuff like that for royal families and so forth.

00:37:28 But when we got these valves on here, we were able to play all sorts of different varieties of music, just like the French horn.

00:37:34 We can play very fast and technical.

00:37:51 Something like that.

00:38:21 That's the trumpet.

00:38:35 The trombone is the most unusual brass instrument because of the nice long slide, and it can do a lot of different sound effects like these.

00:38:58 The motorcycle.

00:39:04 One of the neatest things about the trombone is that it can also play jazz, fun music.

00:39:34 Very nice.

00:40:00 Very nice.

00:40:05 How about if the three of you play something together?

00:40:07 Great.

00:40:37 Very nice.

00:41:05 Thank you very much.

00:41:34 I'd like to call on Isabella.

00:41:35 Please welcome Isabella.

00:41:45 Hi, Isabella.

00:41:46 Hi.

00:41:47 What have you been working with?

00:41:48 I'm working with aldehydes.

00:41:49 Al who?

00:41:50 Aldehydes.

00:41:51 Come on.

00:41:52 You know, they're chemicals that smell nice and some have cool reactions.

00:41:56 Oh, yes, yes.

00:41:57 I'd like to show you one, but I need one of the chemicals you have.

00:42:00 You mean this one here?

00:42:01 Yes, that's the one.

00:42:02 All right.

00:42:03 I got it ready for you.

00:42:04 What should I do?

00:42:05 Pour it in here.

00:42:06 Pour it in there?

00:42:07 Yes.

00:42:08 I can do that.

00:42:11 What are you going to do now?

00:42:13 Mix it up?

00:42:14 Yep.

00:42:15 Yep.

00:42:18 Whoa.

00:42:19 Wow.

00:42:20 Wow.

00:42:23 Isabella, whoa.

00:42:24 That's beautiful, isn't it?

00:42:27 What?

00:42:33 That's really cool, Isabella.

00:42:35 Yes, that's one of the cool reactions aldehydes have.

00:42:40 You know about aldehydes, huh?

00:42:42 Yes.

00:42:44 What about them?

00:42:46 They have cool reactions.

00:42:47 They have cool reactions.

00:42:49 You know what?

00:42:50 I like aldehydes.

00:42:52 I like this reaction.

00:42:54 I like people who work with aldehydes.

00:42:57 Is that why you like Alexander Borodin?

00:42:59 Yes, that's one of the reasons I like Alexander Borodin.

00:43:02 What do you know about Borodin?

00:43:03 I know he was a famous music composer, and I learned in lab that he was a good chemist.

00:43:08 He was a good chemist, but most people know about him as a music composer,

00:43:11 and he composed a lot of well-known songs.

00:43:14 I like his music.

00:43:15 My friends and I have been practicing one of his songs.

00:43:17 You know, I thought I heard some singing in the lab.

00:43:22 We like working in your lab, and we also like to sing.

00:43:25 Well, shall we invite your friends out?

00:43:27 Yes.

00:43:28 Okay, let's do it.

00:43:53 On the wings of chateaus and ferns

00:43:58 Sing thou, O tender song, my native country

00:44:05 The land where many a time I used to listen

00:44:12 To songs most sweet and dear to freeborn maidens

00:44:20 Where soft airs around us were so gently wafted

00:44:34 Where the mountains thumber by the sea enwrapped in clouds

00:44:48 O'er the land of the free and the home of the brave

00:44:54 There lived a song, a song of sunshine

00:45:01 Where roses bled, where roses bled

00:45:08 Where in the woods, the woods were set

00:45:15 Where berries sweet are early ripened

00:45:23 To that land, haste thee my song

00:45:30 To that land, haste thee my song

00:45:39 And there you have it, ladies and gentlemen,

00:46:02 the Madison Youth Choir under the direction of Marcy Russell singing

00:46:06 one of the songs that Bourdain composed

00:46:08 from his famous opera, Prince Igor.

00:46:12 So you enjoy being in my lab?

00:46:17 Shocker-shearing, shocker-shearing

00:46:23 Science is fun!

00:46:28 So you like working with chemicals?

00:46:39 Yes, we do. We like all the elements.

00:46:42 All the elements? I bet you don't know their names.

00:46:45 Yes, we do.

00:46:47 No way, really?

00:46:49 Yes, really.

00:46:51 Well, please, show me then.

00:46:57 There is antimony, arsenic, aluminum, selenium

00:47:00 and hydrogen and oxygen and nitrogen and rhenium

00:47:03 and nickel, neodymium, neptunium, germanium

00:47:06 and iron, americium, uranium, uranium

00:47:08 urobium, zirconium, lutetium, nonanium

00:47:11 and lethanum and osmium and acetine and radium

00:47:14 and gold and protactinium and indium and gallium

00:47:19 and iodine and thorium and thulium and thallium

00:47:25 There is yttrium, ytterbium, actinium, carbidium

00:47:28 and boron, gadolinium, niobium, iridium

00:47:31 and strontium and silicon and silver and samarium

00:47:34 and bismuth, bromine, lithium, beryllium and barium

00:47:44 There is holmium and helium and hafnium and erbium

00:47:47 and phosphorus and francium and chloride and terbium

00:47:49 and manganese and mercury, molybdenum, magnesium

00:47:52 and cadmium and cerium and caesium

00:47:54 and leprosium, dimmium, and platinum, plutonium

00:47:56 palladium, promethium, potassium, polonium

00:47:59 and tensilum, technidium, titanium, tellurium

00:48:05 and cadmium and calcium and chromium and curium

00:48:10 There is sulfur, californium and fermium, perkilium

00:48:13 and also mendelevium and cyanium, nobilium

00:48:15 and argon, kryptonium, radon, xenon, zirconium

00:48:18 and thorium, carbicol, copper, texas, tin and sodium

00:48:23 These are the only ones of which the news has come to Harvard

00:48:28 And there may be many others but they haven't been discovered

00:48:52 In my lab we have a lot of very smart and interesting people doing experiments

00:49:02 And at this time I would like you to welcome one of them

00:49:06 Her name is Leah. Leah, are you ready?

00:49:10 Hello

00:49:11 Hi

00:49:16 What do you have, Leah?

00:49:18 I have a hair dryer and a balloon and I'd like to show you something

00:49:21 All right

00:49:22 So can you plug this in for me, please?

00:49:24 Of course

00:49:28 All right

00:49:29 Thanks

00:49:36 Wow, that's interesting

00:49:39 Yeah, and I can break the stream of air by putting my hand like this

00:49:46 Or I can tilt it

00:49:48 Want me to catch it?

00:49:49 Sure

00:49:50 All right, I guess

00:49:59 So I see you have a ping pong ball there

00:50:01 I have a ping pong, yes

00:50:02 Can I use that?

00:50:03 Yeah, sure. Would you like to try that?

00:50:04 Yes

00:50:05 All right

00:50:10 That floats too, wow

00:50:13 And then I see that styrofoam ball there. I'd like to try that as well

00:50:17 You want to try this one? She likes trying different things

00:50:19 Yeah, I do

00:50:20 That's great

00:50:37 Well, that was a fun experiment, Leah

00:50:40 Thank you

00:50:41 Now, I know you go to school in the area here. Where do you go to school?

00:50:44 I go to Madison La Follette High School

00:50:46 And what grade are you in?

00:50:47 I'm a sophomore

00:50:48 A sophomore in high school

00:50:49 Now, you and I have done some experiments that were noisy, right?

00:50:54 We've made a lot of noise

00:50:55 I know that you can make a nicer sound doing something different

00:50:59 What do you do differently?

00:51:01 I play the violin

00:51:02 Do you have it with you here?

00:51:03 I do. I'll go get it

00:51:04 All right

00:51:08 And how do you make sound with the violin?

00:51:10 Well, to make sound, you draw the bow across the strings

00:51:13 And the strings vibrate

00:51:15 And that's the sound that we hear in our...

00:51:18 And it produces the sound that we hear in our ears

00:51:22 Like this

00:51:27 That sounds okay

00:51:29 I think, yeah

00:51:30 Would you play something for us, please?

00:51:32 I will

00:51:40 Okay

00:52:10 Okay

00:52:40 Okay

00:53:10 Okay

00:53:40 Okay

00:54:03 Bravo!

00:54:06 Bravo, Maria!

00:54:07 Thank you

00:54:08 Very nice, very nice

00:54:11 Thank you

00:54:14 Professor Leckrone, now I would like to yield to you

00:54:18 So that you can conduct

00:54:20 And you're going to follow

00:54:21 I'm going to follow

00:54:22 Okay

00:54:23 All right

00:54:40 Thank you

00:55:11 Bravo!

00:55:26 Bravo!

00:55:27 Thank you

00:55:28 Thank you

00:55:29 Thank you

00:55:30 Thank you

00:55:31 Thank you very much

00:55:33 Thank you all for coming to join us

00:55:35 In this very special celebration

00:55:38 I wish you the best of holidays and have safe travel

00:55:41 Thank you all very much for coming

00:55:43 Thank you

00:55:44 Thank you

00:56:08 Thank you

00:56:38 Thank you