General view of an apparatus used to make urea from ammonium carbamate briquettes at the U.S. Department of Agriculture's Fixed Nitrogen Research Laboratory located in Washington, D.C. Urea is a water-soluble powder form of carbonic acid frequently used as a fertilizer and feed supplement. Various components of the apparatus are labelled, including an autoclave and still, as well as lines containing ammonia and carbon dioxide.

The Fixed Nitrogen Research Laboratory (F.N.R.L.) was established at American University in 1919 under the directorship of Arthur B. Lamb. Initially part of the War Department, the F.N.R.L. was the successor to several wartime initiatives to develop a secure domestic supply of nitrate compounds necessary for the manufacture of explosives during World War I. With a staff of about 110 individuals, including 35 to 50 chemists, the F.N.R.L. focused on the manufacture, production, and development of products of atmospheric nitrogen, including munitions and fertilizers.